Figure 3 Berberine regulates gene expression in hippocampus of insomnia rats. (A) Transcription group sequencing identified differentially expressed genes (volcanic and thermal maps) in insomniac rats compared with blank control rats. Red nodes represent upregulated genes and blue nodes represent downregulated genes. (B) The connectivity of disordered genes was screened by PPI network. The larger the node, the higher the connectivity of the gene. Red nodes represent upregulated genes and green nodes represent downregulated genes. (C) Effects of berberine and diazepam on the expression of disordered genes in insomniac rats. (D) qPCR was used to verify the expression of core genes in rats. (E) Western blot was used to verify the expression of core genes in rats. ** P<0.01, *** P<0.001 versus model group, # P<0.05, ## P<0.01 versus diazepam group. PPI – protein–protein interaction; qPCR – quantitative polymerase chain reaction.