Figure 5 Comparison of postoperative treatment effects. (A) Visual analog scale, (B) Japanese Orthopedic Association Score, and (C) Oswestry Disability Index were assessed in the percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic decompression and fenestration groups preoperatively and postoperatively (1 week and 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment). (D) At the last follow-up visit (12 months after surgery), the modified Macnab criteria were applied to evaluate treatment effects. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. ** P<0.01.