Interoception, Trait Anxiety, and the Gut Microbiome: A Cognitive and Physiological Model

Pascal Büttiker; Simon Weissenberger; Radek Ptacek; George B. Stefano

doi:10.12659/MSM.931962

04 May 2021 : Review article

Interoception, Trait Anxiety, and the Gut Microbiome: A Cognitive and Physiological Model

Pascal Büttiker^1AEF*, Simon Weissenberger^12AEF, Radek Ptacek^1EG, George B. Stefano^1E

DOI: 10.12659/MSM.931962

Med Sci Monit 2021; 27:e931962

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Background A Predictive Coding Framework for Sensory Processing in Trait Anxiety The Emergence and Manifestation of Trait Anxiety as an Aversion in the Gut Microbial Dysbiosis and the Emergence of Anxiety Maintenance of Anxiety Due to Altered Gut-Brain Interactions Maintenance of Anxiety Due to Gut Microbial Dysbiosis Future Recommendations: A Cognitive and Physiological Model of Interoception, Trait Anxiety, and the Gut Microbiome Conclusions References

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Figure 1 Interoception, trait anxiety, and the gut microbiome: A cognitive and physiological model. The model shows the emergence of contextual anxiety associations through overgeneralization. In this hypothesis, even if one of the lower sensory modalities (E1, E2, or E3) have an adverse or recurrent component (Y), this eventually affects the concept (prior X), which can lead to a negative association of the whole concept and its individual elements [8,11]. This process is driven by bi-directional prediction error minimization, where prediction errors convey information of the sensory environment (E), and the prior (X) the experiential data of predicted cause and neural response [9,12].

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Interoception, Trait Anxiety, and the Gut Microbiome: A Cognitive and Physiological Model

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