A Review of Current Clinical Concepts in the Pathophysiology, Etiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Hypercalcemia

Carolina Rodrigues Tonon; Taline Alisson Artemis Lazzarin Silva; Filipe Welson Leal Pereira; Diego Aparecido Rios Queiroz; Edson Luiz Favero Junior; Danilo Martins; Paula Schimdt Azevedo; Marina Politi Okoshi; Leonardo Antonio Mamede Zornoff; Sergio Alberto Rupp de Paiva; Marcos Ferreira Minicucci; Bertha Furlan Polegato

doi:10.12659/MSM.935821

26 February 2022 : Review article

A Review of Current Clinical Concepts in the Pathophysiology, Etiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Hypercalcemia

Carolina Rodrigues Tonon^1ABCDEF*, Taline Alisson Artemis Lazzarin Silva^1ABCDEF, Filipe Welson Leal Pereira^1ABDE, Diego Aparecido Rios Queiroz^1ABDE, Edson Luiz Favero Junior^1BD, Danilo Martins

^1E, Paula Schimdt Azevedo^1ABE, Marina Politi Okoshi^1ABCDEFG, Leonardo Antonio Mamede Zornoff^1DE, Sergio Alberto Rupp de Paiva

^1CDE, Marcos Ferreira Minicucci^1ACDE, Bertha Furlan Polegato^1ABCDEFG

DOI: 10.12659/MSM.935821

Med Sci Monit 2022; 28:e935821

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Background Calcium Homeostasis Definition, Epidemiology, and Screening for Hypercalcemia Etiology Clinical Manifestation Complementary Tests and Diagnosis Treatment Final Considerations Conclusions References

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Figure 2 Etiological Investigation of Hypercalcemia. UrCa: urinary calcium (mg/24 h); SerCa: serum calcium (mg/dL); UrCr: urinary creatinine (mg/24 h); SerCr: serum creatinine (mg/dL); PTH: parathyroid hormone; 25[OH]D: 25-hydroxyvitamin D; 1,25[OH]2D: 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Created by the authors with Power Point, version 2013, manufactured by Microsoft.

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A Review of Current Clinical Concepts in the Pathophysiology, Etiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Hypercalcemia

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