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22 August 2022: Review Articles

Programmed Cell Death in Diabetic Nephropathy: A Review of Apoptosis, Autophagy, and Necroptosis

Nour S. Erekat EF*

DOI: 10.12659/MSM.937766

Med Sci Monit 2022; 28:e937766

Figure 2 The process of autophagy. The autophagic process occurs via 5 major stages, which are initiation, nucleation, elongation/closure, fusion, and breakdown. Initiation stage: The unc51-like kinase 1 (Ulk1) complex consists of Ulk1 serine/threonine protein kinase, autophagy-related gene 13 (Atg13), and focal adhesion kinase family interacting protein of 200 kD (FIP200). Ulk1 is required for the initiation stage. 2. Nucleation stage: Beclin 1, which exists with class III phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), is essential for the nucleation stage. 3. Elongation/closure stage: A membrane sac isolation membrane wraps around the degradation substrates and ultimately closes to become an autophagosome. This stage requires the microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3). 4. Fusion stage: the outer membrane of the autophagosome completely fuses with the outer lysosomal membrane. 5. Breakdown stage: contents of the autophagosome are released and subsequently degraded into the lysosomal cavity. This figure was generated using Microsoft PowerPoint Software, version 10, Microsoft Corp., USA.

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Medical Science Monitor eISSN: 1643-3750
Medical Science Monitor eISSN: 1643-3750