Figure 4 The treatments for osteoradionecrosis (ORN) of the femoral head. Non-surgical management includes restricting weight-bearing during exercise, hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT), drugs, and biophysical therapy, which have limited effectiveness. Surgical treatments are considered for severe cases, and mainly consist of total hip arthroplasty (THA) and Girdlestone resection arthroplasty (GRA). THA has a particularly high failure rate because of the aseptic loosening, persistent pain, and infection. Created with BioRender.com.