Figure 2 The changes in the bispectral index (BIS) (A), Modified Observer’s Assessment of Alertness/Sedation (MOAA/S) scale (B), heart rate (HR) (C), and mean blood pressure (MBP) (D) after dexmedetomidine administration. After dexmedetomidine administration, group NS showed less sedation than groups N and S, as evidenced by higher BIS scores at 25 and 30 minutes. Group N consistently had lower MBP than groups NS and S. However, the MOAA/S scale and HR were similar across all groups. Data are presented as the median and interquartile range (IQR). * P<0.05 (group NS vs groups N and S) and ** P<0.01 (group N vs groups NS and S). ART-RMANOVA, aligned rank transformed ANOVA. Group N – no medication group; Group NS – nonselective α−1 blocker medication group; Group S – selective α−1 blocker medication group. BIS – bispectral index; MOAA/S scale – Modified Observer’s Assessment of Alertness/Sedation scale; HR – heart rate; MBP – mean blood pressure. This figure was created by MedCalc, version 20, MedCalc Software, Ltd.