26 February 2025 : Review article
A Review of the Diagnosis, Risk Factors, and Role of Angiogenetic Factors in Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy
Joanna Zielińska ABCDEF 1*, Dorota Darmochwał-Kolarz
E 1
DOI: 10.12659/MSM.945628
Med Sci Monit 2025; 31:e945628
Introduction
Definition and Diagnostic Criteria for Hypertension in Pregnancy
Definition and Diagnosis of Preeclampsia
Health Impact on the Mother and Fetus
Role of Echocardiography in Evaluating Hypertensive Disorders
Risk Factors Associated with Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia
Identified Risk Factors
Additional Risk Factors
Preeclampsia and Maternal Immune Tolerance
Role of Angiogenic and Anti-Angiogenic Factors
Imbalance of Angiogenic Factors in Hypertensive Disorders
Timing of Changes in Angiogenic Factors
Angiogenic Factors in Twin vs Singleton Pregnancies
Predictive Value of Angiogenic Imbalance
Future Directions
Conclusions
References
Figure 1 Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy [12]. Source: Own elaboration based on data from: Portelli M, Baron B. Clinical presentation of preeclampsia and the diagnostic value of proteins and their methylation products as biomarkers in pregnant women with preeclampsia and their newborns. J Pregnancy. 2018;2018:2632637.