Figure 1 Flowchart of patient selection and groupingThe flowchart shows the process of patient selection from 2 hospitals (Hasan Sadikin Hospital and Margono Hospital) from October to September 2023. A total of 3030 pregnant women were screened, with 743 meeting the inclusion criteria, who underwent blood pressure checks, laboratory tests, and routine urinalysis. The exclusion criteria applied were maternal age less than 20 or more than 40 years, obesity, nulliparity, multiple gestations, history of chronic disease, or history of other infections. Of the 743 patients, 322 had bacteriuria and 421 were negative for bacteriuria. Each group was further divided based on the presence or absence of hypertension in pregnancy. Among the bacteriuria-positive patients, 125 had hypertension and 197 were normotensive. Similarly, among the bacteriuria-negative patients, 101 had hypertension and 320 were normotensive.