Infectious and Immunological Links Between Periodontitis and COVID-19: A Review

Hassan Alkharaan

doi:10.12659/MSM.948069

26 May 2025 : Review article

Infectious and Immunological Links Between Periodontitis and COVID-19: A Review

Hassan Alkharaan

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DOI: 10.12659/MSM.948069

Med Sci Monit 2025; 31:e948069

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Introduction Periodontitis and Respiratory Diseases Oral Microbiome and SARS-CoV-2 Infection Expression Profile of SARS-CoV-2 Entry Factors in the Oral Cavity Immuno-Inflammatory Mechanisms Underlying Periodontitis and COVID-19 Future Directions Conclusions References

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Figure 1 Expression profile SARS-CoV-2 entry factors in the oral cavityThe different factors include receptors, enzymes, and extra cellular matrix components, which are represented by colored circles. The size of the circle is representative of the expression intensity [53]. ACE2 – angiotensin-converting enzyme type 2; TMPRSS2 – transmembrane protease serine 2 membrane protein; CD – cluster of differentiation

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Infectious and Immunological Links Between Periodontitis and COVID-19: A Review

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