Infectious and Immunological Links Between Periodontitis and COVID-19: A Review

Hassan Alkharaan

doi:10.12659/MSM.948069

26 May 2025 : Review article

Infectious and Immunological Links Between Periodontitis and COVID-19: A Review

Hassan Alkharaan

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DOI: 10.12659/MSM.948069

Med Sci Monit 2025; 31:e948069

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Introduction Periodontitis and Respiratory Diseases Oral Microbiome and SARS-CoV-2 Infection Expression Profile of SARS-CoV-2 Entry Factors in the Oral Cavity Immuno-Inflammatory Mechanisms Underlying Periodontitis and COVID-19 Future Directions Conclusions References

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Figure 2 Periodontal pathogenesis providing a milieu of facilitation for SARS-CoV-2The expression of receptors that engage SARS-CoV-2 are more abundant in the inflamed periodontium, as TLRs are upregulated due to bacterial stimulation. Microbial lipopolysaccharides also upregulate pro-inflammatory transcription factors (NF-κB), which cause the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17, TNF-α, and IFN-v.

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Infectious and Immunological Links Between Periodontitis and COVID-19: A Review

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