12 September 2025 : Review article
Anterior Capsular Contraction Syndrome in Cataract Surgery: A Review of Challenges and Solutions
Peng Lan E 1, Lili Nie E 1, Liangliang Zhao A 1*DOI: 10.12659/MSM.949046
Med Sci Monit 2025; 31:e949046
Figure 1 The sequential mechanisms contributing to capsule contraction syndrome (CCS) following cataract surgery. The process begins with surgical trauma to the anterior capsule, which triggers a proliferative response in residual lens epithelial cells. These cells migrate and secrete pro-fibrotic cytokines, such as TGF-β, leading to excessive extracellular matrix production. The accumulation of collagen and other fibers results in the thickening and wrinkling of the capsular bag, ultimately compromising visual acuity. The arrows indicate the flow of events from surgical intervention to the development of CCS, highlighting critical points where intervention can be necessary to mitigate this complication. Figure created with BioRender.com.