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25 August 2025 : Clinical Research  

Effect of Long-Term Smoking on Cervical Disc Degeneration: A Retrospective Study

Murat Kiraz ORCID logo ABCDEFG 1*, Hakan Kina ORCID logo CEFG 2

DOI: 10.12659/MSM.949466

Med Sci Monit 2025; 31:e949466

Figure 2 The relationship between cervical disc degeneration and smoking group is shown with a box plot graph.

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Medical Science Monitor eISSN: 1643-3750
Medical Science Monitor eISSN: 1643-3750