14 January 2026 : Review article
Roles of the Altitude-Adapted Immune Microenvironment in Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling in High-Altitude Pulmonary Hypertension: A Review
Yonghui Li E 1,2, Haijing Xing F 1*, Yunxing Liu F 1, Fu Li F 2, Dan Yang F 1, Qian Miao F 3, Huaan Li F 3, Xinxing Li F 3, Shuhang Yang F 3, Yi Fu AG 1,3DOI: 10.12659/MSM.949962
Med Sci Monit 2026; 32:e949962
Introduction
Immune Adaptation and Remodeling with Long-Term High-Altitude Exposure
Immuno-Vascular Interactions in High-Altitude Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling: Mechanisms of Microenvironmental Orchestration
Translational Potential of Targeting Immune-Mediated Pathways in HAPH Therapy
Future Directions and Challenges in Understanding Immune Microenvironment in HAPH
Discussion
Future Directions
Conclusions
Data Availability
References
Figure 3 Immune-driven fibroblast activation and adventitial remodeling under hypoxia. This figure was created using Adobe Illustrator 28.0.1 (Adobe, Inc., San Jose, CA, USA).