Sources and Metabolism of D-Amino Acids and Their Roles as Biomarkers in Kidney Disease: A Review

Zhijian Zha; Yunyan Wan; Xiaofan Wu; Enze Lei; Tao Lu; Xuerong Zhang; Jianzhong Liu

doi:10.12659/MSM.950486

16 January 2026 : Review article

Sources and Metabolism of D-Amino Acids and Their Roles as Biomarkers in Kidney Disease: A Review

Zhijian Zha^{ABCDEF 1}, Yunyan Wan

^{EF 2}, Xiaofan Wu^{ABD 1}, Enze Lei^{ABCD 1}, Tao Lu^{BD 1}, Xuerong Zhang^{AG 1,3,4,5}, Jianzhong Liu^{AG 1,3,4,5*}

DOI: 10.12659/MSM.950486

Med Sci Monit 2026; 32:e950486

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Introduction The Origin and Metabolic Processes of Chiral Amino Acids Within the Human Body Detection of Chiral Amino Acids Roles of D-Amino Acids in Renal Disease Development D-Amino Acids as Biomarkers in Kidney Disease Future Directions Conclusions References

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Figure 2 Pathways for the production and elimination of D-amino acidsDiagram of sources and fates of D-amino acids in the body. Arrows indicate the direction of amino acid metabolism. * Created with MedPeer (www.medpeer.cn).

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Sources and Metabolism of D-Amino Acids and Their Roles as Biomarkers in Kidney Disease: A Review

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