Sources and Metabolism of D-Amino Acids and Their Roles as Biomarkers in Kidney Disease: A Review

Zhijian Zha; Yunyan Wan; Xiaofan Wu; Enze Lei; Tao Lu; Xuerong Zhang; Jianzhong Liu

doi:10.12659/MSM.950486

16 January 2026 : Review article

Sources and Metabolism of D-Amino Acids and Their Roles as Biomarkers in Kidney Disease: A Review

Zhijian Zha^{ABCDEF 1}, Yunyan Wan

^{EF 2}, Xiaofan Wu^{ABD 1}, Enze Lei^{ABCD 1}, Tao Lu^{BD 1}, Xuerong Zhang^{AG 1,3,4,5}, Jianzhong Liu^{AG 1,3,4,5*}

DOI: 10.12659/MSM.950486

Med Sci Monit 2026; 32:e950486

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Introduction The Origin and Metabolic Processes of Chiral Amino Acids Within the Human Body Detection of Chiral Amino Acids Roles of D-Amino Acids in Renal Disease Development D-Amino Acids as Biomarkers in Kidney Disease Future Directions Conclusions References

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Figure 3 Association between renal illness and chiral amino acidsChiral amino acids may have a direct impact on how kidney illnesses like IgA nephropathy (IgAN) and acute kidney injury (AKI) develop. Additionally, they can be used as indicators for renal conditions such rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN), diabetic nephropathy (DN), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and AKI.

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Sources and Metabolism of D-Amino Acids and Their Roles as Biomarkers in Kidney Disease: A Review

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