Comparison of Muscle Load, Comfort, Usability, and Time-On-Task Across 3 Wheelchair Handle Orientations and Ground Types: A Randomized Crossover Study

Yen-Hui Lin; Chien-Chun Chang; Victor Ei-Wen Lo; Ting-Jen Chen; Wei-Hsien Hong

doi:10.12659/MSM.951420

08 March 2026 : Clinical Research

Comparison of Muscle Load, Comfort, Usability, and Time-On-Task Across 3 Wheelchair Handle Orientations and Ground Types: A Randomized Crossover Study

Yen-Hui Lin

^{ABCG 1,2}, Chien-Chun Chang

^{BEF 3}, Victor Ei-Wen Lo

^{ABE 4}, Ting-Jen Chen^{EF 1}, Wei-Hsien Hong

^{ABCDF 3*}

DOI: 10.12659/MSM.951420

Med Sci Monit 2026; 32:e951420

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Figure 1 Six photographs illustrating the experimental conditions. The top row depicts the handle orientations: (A) parallel handle, (B) vertical handle, and (C) lateral handle. The bottom row shows the ground types: (D) ramp, (E) level ground, and (F) cone path.

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Comparison of Muscle Load, Comfort, Usability, and Time-On-Task Across 3 Wheelchair Handle Orientations and Ground Types: A Randomized Crossover Study

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