Review of Recent Advances in Implantable Brain-Computer Interfaces for the Restoration of Motor Function in Patients With Paralysis

Daokai Yang; Xiaogang Liu; Junhang Hu; Wei Zhang

doi:10.12659/MSM.951925

14 April 2026 : Review article

Review of Recent Advances in Implantable Brain-Computer Interfaces for the Restoration of Motor Function in Patients With Paralysis

Daokai Yang^{AEF 1,2}, Xiaogang Liu^{AEF 2}, Junhang Hu^{AEF 1,2}, Wei Zhang^{AEFG 1,2*}

DOI: 10.12659/MSM.951925

Med Sci Monit 2026; 32:e951925

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Introduction Fundamental Mechanisms: Principles of Neural Signal Acquisition for BCIs Neural Decoding and Pattern Recognition Applications and Recent Progress Comparison of Invasive and Noninvasive Modalities Key Technological Innovations Clinical Translation Patient Outcome Assessment Current Limitations and Paths Forward Discussion and Outlook Clinical Translation and Current Trial Landscape Artificial Intelligence Models for Neural Decoding Future Directions Conclusions References

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Figure 1 Transparent neural interfaces: significance, challenges, and design strategies(A) Comparison of opaque vs transparent electrode arrays on the cortical surface; transparency permits optical pathways to traverse the array, enabling co-localized electro-optical interrogation. (B) Rationale for multimodal sensing and stimulation: integration of electrophysiological recording and stimulation with optical imaging and photostimulation. (C) Principal limitations of non-transparent electrodes, including imaging occlusion, limited light transmission, and photoelectric artifacts. (D) Design strategies for transparent electrodes, including intrinsically transparent materials and mesh, porous, or nanowire architectures that balance optical transmittance and electrical conductivity.

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Review of Recent Advances in Implantable Brain-Computer Interfaces for the Restoration of Motor Function in Patients With Paralysis

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