Figure 1 Identification of prognosis-related proteins in HNSCC and their association with clinical outcomes. (A) Forest plots of prognostic factors, with green indicating low-risk proteins and red indicating high-risk proteins. (B) Volcano plots of differentially prognostic proteins identified by univariable Cox regression analysis, showing 5 low-risk (green) and 9 high-risk (red) proteins. (C) Deviance profiles from LASSO regression analysis. (D) Coefficient profiles from LASSO regression analysis, where each line represents a distinct gene. (E) Assessment of proportional hazards assumption using Schoenfeld residuals. (F) Schoenfeld residual plot for RAPTOR in the Cox proportional hazards model. (G) Summary of proportional hazards assumption diagnostic metrics. (H) Individual dynamic risk score trajectories for 4 representative patients stratified by risk group, shown for descriptive visualization only and not used for risk stratification. (I) Baseline characteristics of patients in the total cohort, training set, and testing set. (J) Heatmap of key clinical features across patients stratified by risk group. HNSCC – head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; LASSO – least absolute shrinkage and selection operator.