Figure 1 Comparison of delta-over-baseline (DOB) of 13C-aminopyrine between control and VPZ(A) Comparison of time course changes of DOB between control and VPZ. Bars indicate standard deviation (SD). For inferential statistical analyses, baseline-adjusted values were used. The repeated-measures ANOVA revealed a significant main effect of time (F(10, 180) = 116.52, P < 0.001), whereas there was no significant main effect of treatment condition (F(1, 18) = 1.06, p = 0.316) and no significant interaction between treatment and time (F(10, 180) = 0.66, P = 0.760). (B) Comparison of the maximum DOB value between control and VPZ. Paired raincloud plot showing the maximum value of DOB in each subject under control and VPZ conditions (n = 19). Half-violins (orange) depict the distribution density, overlaid with box-and-whisker plots (black) and individual paired data points (blue ×) connected by lines. Statistical significance was evaluated using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. No significant difference was observed between 2 conditions (P = 0.922). NS, not significant.