01 October 2011
Reciprocal regulation of cellular nitric oxide formation by nitric oxide synthase and nitrite reductases
George B. Stefano, Richard M. KreamDOI: 10.12659/MSM.881972
Med Sci Monit 2011; 17(10): RA221-226
Abstract
Our mini-review focuses on dual regulation of cellular nitric oxide (NO) signaling pathways by traditionally characterized enzymatic formation from L-arginine via the actions of NO synthases (NOS) and by enzymatic reduction of available cellular nitrite pools by a diverse class of cytosolic and mitochondrial nitrite reductases. Nitrite is a major metabolic product of NO and is found in all cell and tissue types that utilize NO signaling processes. Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) has been previously characterized as a housekeeping enzyme responsible for cellular uric acid formation via enzymatic conversion of hypoxanthine and xanthine. It has become apparent that XOR possesses multi-functional enzymatic activities outside the realm of xanthine metabolism and a small but significant literature also established a compelling functional association between administered sodium nitrite, XOR activation, and pharmacologically characterized NO transductive effects in positive cardiovascular function enhanced pulmonary perfusion, and protection against ischemia/reperfusion injury and hypoxic damage and oxidative stress. Similar positive vascular and cellular effects were observed to be functionally associated with mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase and cytochrome c/cytochrome c oxidase. The profound implications of a reciprocal regulatory mechanism responsible for cytosolic and mitochondrial NO production are discussed below.
Keywords: Nitric Oxide Synthase - metabolism, Nitrite Reductases - metabolism, Nitric Oxide - biosynthesis, Myocardial Perfusion Imaging - methods, Models, Biological, Mitochondria - metabolism, Electron Transport Complex IV, Cytosol - metabolism, Arginine, aldehyde dehydrogenase, Signal Transduction - physiology, Xanthine Dehydrogenase - metabolism
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