22 May 2015 : Review article
Hypoxia defined as a Common Culprit/Initiation Factor in Mitochondrial-Mediated Proinflammatory Processes
George B. StefanoAEF, Richard M. KreamAEFDOI: 10.12659/MSM.894437
Med Sci Monit 2015; 21:1478-1484
Abstract
In mammals and invertebrates, the activities of neuro- and immuno-competent cells, e.g., glia, which are present in nervous tissues, are deemed of critical importance to normative neuronal function. The responsiveness of invertebrate and vertebrate immuno-competent glia to a common set of signal molecules, such as nitric oxide and endogenous morphine, is functionally linked to physiologically driven innate immunological and neuronal activities. Importantly, the presence of a common, evolutionarily conserved, set of signal molecules in comparative animal groups strongly suggests an expansive intermediate metabolic profile dependent on high output mitochondrial ATP production and utilization. Normative bidirectional neural-immune communication across invertebrate and vertebrate species requires common anatomical and biochemical substrates and pathways involved in energy production and mitochondrial integrity. Within this closed-loop system, abnormal perturbation of the respective tissue functions will have profound ramifications in functionally altering associated nervous and vascular systems and it is highly likely that the initial trigger to the induction of a physiologically debilitating pro-inflammatory state is a micro-environmental hypoxic event. This is surmised by the need for an unwavering constant oxygen supply. In this case, temporal perturbations of normative oxygen tension may be tolerated for short, but not extended, periods and ischemic/hypoxic perturbations in oxygen delivery represent significant physiological challenges to overall cellular and multiple organ system viability. Hence, hypoxic triggering of multiple pro-inflammatory events, if not corrected, will promote pathophysiological amplification leading to a deleterious cascade of bio-senescent cellular and molecular signaling pathways, which converge to markedly impair mitochondrial energy utilization and ATP production.
Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate - biosynthesis, Biological Evolution, Cell Aging, Cell Hypoxia - physiology, Cellular Microenvironment, Cytokines - secretion, Energy Metabolism, Gene Expression Regulation, Immunity, Innate, Immunocompetence, Inflammation - physiopathology, Invertebrates - physiology, Microglia - physiology, Mitochondria - physiology, Models, Biological, Neuroimmunomodulation - physiology, Nitric Oxide - physiology, Nitrites - metabolism, Opioid Peptides - metabolism, Vertebrates - physiology
1522 3
Editorial
01 November 2023 : Editorial
Editorial: Factors Driving New Variants of SARS-CoV-2, Immune Escape, and Resistance to Antiviral Treatments as the End of the COVID-19 Pandemic is DeclaredDOI: 10.12659/MSM.942960
Med Sci Monit 2023; 29:e942960
In Press
28 Nov 2023 : Clinical Research
Impact of Fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography on Therapeutic Decisions and ...Med Sci Monit In Press; DOI: 10.12659/MSM.942122
28 Nov 2023 : Clinical Research
Long-Term Outcomes of Decompression and Grafting in Acute Pathological Proximal Femur Fractures in Children...Med Sci Monit In Press; DOI: 10.12659/MSM.943031
27 Nov 2023 : Clinical Research
Comparison of Outcomes from Emergency Admissions to a Major Trauma Center in Turkey of 1646 Elderly Patient...Med Sci Monit In Press; DOI: 10.12659/MSM.942916
27 Nov 2023 : Clinical Research
Evaluating Modified Ultrasound-Guided Serratus Anterior Plane Block for Enhanced Postoperative Recovery in ...Med Sci Monit In Press; DOI: 10.12659/MSM.942757
Most Viewed Current Articles
13 Nov 2021 : Clinical Research
Acceptance of COVID-19 Vaccination and Its Associated Factors Among Cancer Patients Attending the Oncology ...DOI :10.12659/MSM.932788
Med Sci Monit 2021; 27:e932788
30 Dec 2021 : Clinical Research
Retrospective Study of Outcomes and Hospitalization Rates of Patients in Italy with a Confirmed Diagnosis o...DOI :10.12659/MSM.935379
Med Sci Monit 2021; 27:e935379
14 Dec 2022 : Clinical Research
Prevalence and Variability of Allergen-Specific Immunoglobulin E in Patients with Elevated Tryptase LevelsDOI :10.12659/MSM.937990
Med Sci Monit 2022; 28:e937990
08 Mar 2022 : Review article
A Review of the Potential Roles of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Pharmacological Approaches for the Man...DOI :10.12659/MSM.936292
Med Sci Monit 2022; 28:e936292