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04 February 2025 : Clinical Research  

Serum Trimethylamine N-Oxide Levels as a Predictor of Peripheral Arterial Disease in Kidney Transplant Recipients

Hsiao-Hui Yang ORCID logo123ABCDEFG, Yen-Cheng Chen12ABDFG, Chin-Hung Liu ORCID logo45BCD, Bang-Gee Hsu ORCID logo236ABCDEFG*

DOI: 10.12659/MSM.947197

Med Sci Monit 2025; 31:e947197

Abstract

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BACKGROUND: Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a gut-derived uremic toxin, is linked to hypertension, cardiovascular events, and mortality. Peripheral arterial disease (PAD), defined by a low ankle-brachial index (ABI), increases mortality in kidney transplantation (KT) recipients. This study investigated the association between serum TMAO levels and PAD in KT recipients.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 98 KT recipients. Serum TMAO levels were quantified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and ABI values were assessed with an automated oscillometric device. Patients with ABI <0.9 were categorized as having PAD. Additional clinical and laboratory data were collected from medical records for analysis.

RESULTS: Among 98 KT recipients, 22 (22.4%) had low ABI values. The low-ABI group had higher serum TMAO levels (P<0.001) and a higher diabetes prevalence (P=0.035). In multivariate analysis, serum TMAO levels were independently associated with PAD (odds ratio: 1.154, 95% CI: 1.062-1.255, P=0.001). Both the left and right ABI values were negatively correlated with TMAO levels (P<0.001). In the Spearman correlation analysis, the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was negatively correlated with TMAO levels (P=0.005). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for TMAO predicting PAD was 0.868 (95% CI: 0.784-0.928, P<0.001).

CONCLUSIONS: Elevated serum TMAO levels are independently associated with PAD in KT recipients, as evidenced by their significant negative correlation with ABI values. These findings suggest that TMAO may serve as a potential biomarker for identifying KT recipients at higher risk of PAD.

Keywords: Kidney Transplantation, peripheral arterial disease, uremic toxins

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Medical Science Monitor eISSN: 1643-3750
Medical Science Monitor eISSN: 1643-3750