27 September 2020: Clinical Research
Association Between Serum Uric Acid and Depression in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease not Requiring Kidney Dialysis: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analyses
Bin Gao 1B , Xinyuan Song 1D , Jie Hao 1F , Yingying Han 1C , Miaomiao Zhang 1B , Na Sun 1E , Jinping Li 1F , Pingping Qi 1F , Shunya Uchida 2E , Wenxiu Chang 1AG*DOI: 10.12659/MSM.925386
Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e925386
Table 1 Baseline clinical characteristics and laboratory data for depressed and non-depressed patients (n=223).
| Characteristic | Depressed (n=17) | Non-depressed (n=206) | P value* |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, year | 50.9±18.0 | 50.3±15.6 | 0.885 |
| Gender, Male, (%) | 11 (64.7%) | 60 (29.1%) | 0.005 |
| BDI score | 17.0 [14.0, 20.5] | 3.0 [1.0, 6.0] | |
| PSQI score | 7.82±4.75 | 5.94±3.50 | 0.040 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m | 49.5±38.5 | 52.2±34.9 | 0.760 |
| Charlson comorbidity score | 1.0 [0.0–2.0] | 2.0 [0.0–3.0] | 0.428 |
| DM, (%) | 3 (17.6%) | 27 (13.1%) | 0.709 |
| CVD history, n (%) | 1 (5.9%) | 25 (12.1%) | 0.700 |
| Smoking history, n (%) | 3 (17.6%) | 68 (33.0%) | 0.739 |
| Drinking history, n (%) | 2 (11.8%) | 58 (28.2%) | 0.347 |
| Marital status | 0.648 | ||
| Married, (%) | 14 (82.4%) | 184 (89.3%) | |
| Unmarried, (%) | 2 (11.8%) | 16 (7.8%) | |
| Divorced, (%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (1.0%) | |
| Widowed, (%) | 1 (5.9%) | 4 (1.9%) | |
| Educational status | 0.247 | ||
| Elementary school and below, (%) | 3 (17.6%) | 19 (9.2%) | |
| Junior high school, (%) | 7 (41.2%) | 73 (35.4%) | |
| High school, (%) | 5 (29.4%) | 44 (21.4%) | |
| College and above, (%) | 2 (11.8%) | 70 (34.0%) | |
| Original disease | 0.511 | ||
| Glomerulonephritis, (%) | 13 (76.5%) | 125 (60.7%) | |
| Diabetic nephropathy, (%) | 2 (11.8%) | 24 (11.7%) | |
| Hypertensive nephrosclerosis, (%) | 2 (11.8%) | 48 (23.3%) | |
| Others, (%) | 0 (0%) | 9 (4.4%) | |
| SBP, mmHg | 131.5±11.1 | 136.2±17.0 | 0.266 |
| BMI, kg/m | 23.2±2.9 | 25.1±4.3 | 0.067 |
| Blood parameters | |||
| Hb, g/dL | 12.2±2.1 | 12.9±2.2 | 0.213 |
| Na, mEq/L | 139.4±4.2 | 140.7±2.4 | 0.065 |
| K, mEq/L | 4.68±0.92 | 4.49±0.66 | 0.294 |
| Cl, mEq/L | 103.4±4.6 | 102.9±7.7 | 0.800 |
| Ca, mmol/L | 2.23±0.17 | 2.26±0.22 | 0.573 |
| P, mmol/L | 1.30±0.25 | 1.18±0.23 | 0.101 |
| Mg, mmol/L | 0.91±0.13 | 0.86±0.11 | 0.212 |
| BUN, mmol/L | 11.7±8.6 | 9.9±5.9 | 0.259 |
| Cr, mg/dL | 2.29±1.73 | 2.12±1.49 | 0.658 |
| UA, mg/dL | 5.40±1.56 | 6.50±1.65 | 0.008 |
| Alb, g/dL | 3.98±0.49 | 4.10±0.62 | 0.488 |
| TC, mmol/L | 5.16±1.40 | 5.21±1.60 | 0.913 |
| TG, mmol/L | 2.20±1.79 | 1.81±1.11 | 0.248 |
| CO, mEq/L | 25.2±3.3 | 25.4±3.2 | 0.867 |
| UB score of spot urine | 1.0 [0.0–3.0] | 0.0 [0.0–2.0] | 0.309 |
| 24-hour urine protein, g/day | 0.66 [0.44–2.90] | 0.84 [0.30–2.69] | 0.751 |
| Treatment | |||
| RASi, (%) | 5 (29.4%) | 76 (36.9%) | 0.610 |
| CCB, (%) | 7 (41.2%) | 99 (48.1%) | 0.623 |
| β-blocker, (%) | 2 (11.8%) | 53 (25.7%) | 0.253 |
| Diuretic, (%) | 0 (0.0%) | 17 (8.3%) | 0.246 |
| * Independent Sample test or Mann-Whitney U test (BDI score, Charlson score, UB score of spot urine and 24-hour urine protein) as appropriate. Alb – albumin; β-blocker – β receptor blocker; BDI – Beck Depression Inventory; BMI – body mass index; BUN – blood urea nitrogen; Ca – calcium; CCB – calcium channel blocker; Cl – chlorine; CO – venous carbon dioxide; Cr – creatinine; CVD – cardiovascular disease; DM – diabetes mellitus; eGFR – estimated glomerular filtration rate; Hb – hemoglobin; K – potassium; Mg – magnesium; Na – sodium; P – phosphorus; PSQI – Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; RASi – RAS inhibitor; SBP – systolic blood pressure; TC – total cholesterol; TG – triglyceride; UA – uric acid; UB – urine blood. | |||