26 August 2021 : Clinical Research
The Assessment of Sleep Quality in Patients Following Valve Repair and Valve Replacement for Infective Endocarditis: A Retrospective Study at a Single Center
Xiang-Ming Hu12ABCDEF, Wen-Ting Wei2BCDF, De-Yi Huang2BCD, Cai-Di Lin2BCD, Fen Lu2BCD, Xiao-Ming Li2BCD, Huo-Sheng Liao2BCD, Zhi-Hong Yu3BCD, Xiao-Ping Weng2CDE, Shi-Bin Wang4BCD, Cai-Lan Hou4BCD, Fu-Jun Jia14AEFG*DOI: 10.12659/MSM.930596
Med Sci Monit 2021; 27:e930596
Table 1 Analysis of clinical features of patients with infective endocarditis according to sleep efficiency (n=116).
| Variable | Sleep efficiency <85 (n=70) | Sleep efficiency ≥85 (n=46) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (Male) | 46 (66.7%) | 34 (72.3%) | 0.466 |
| Age (years) | 43.8±14.2 | 43.4±15.2 | 0.885 |
| BMI (kg/m) | 20.4±3.6 | 20.4±3.0 | 0.968 |
| Alcohol consumption | 0.030 | ||
| Never | 34 (49.3%) | 24 (51.1%) | |
| Sometimes | 33 (47.8%) | 14 (29.8%) | |
| Frequently | 3 (4.3%) | 8 (17%) | |
| Coffee or tea consumption | 0.337 | ||
| Never | 15 (21.7%) | 5 (10.6%) | |
| Sometimes | 44 (63.8%) | 33 (70.2%) | |
| Frequently | 11 (15.9%) | 8 (17%) | |
| Duration of disease | 0.031 | ||
| Less than 2 weeks | 7 (10.1%) | 4 (8.5%) | |
| 3–4 weeks | 11 (15.9%) | 17 (36.2%) | |
| >4 weeks | 52 (75.4%) | 25 (53.2%) | |
| Preoperative WBC (×10/L) | 8.6±3.4 | 8.0±2.6 | 0.359 |
| Postoperative WBC (×10/L) | 18.9±8.6 | 19.0±7.8 | 0.951 |
| Preoperative Hb (g/L) | 109.5±23.9 | 112.2±23.6 | 0.551 |
| Postoperative Hb (g/L) | 99±14.1 | 103.0±14.9 | 0.144 |
| Preoperative ALT (U/L) | 47.2±120.2 | 25.1±23.4 | 0.221 |
| Postoperative ALT (U/L) | 25.3±21.3 | 26.9±25.9 | 0.704 |
| Preoperative Alb (g/L) | 33.8±5.5 | 34.1±5.4 | 0.745 |
| Postoperative Alb (g/L) | 32.6±4.1 | 32.3±4.4 | 0.727 |
| Preoperative ESR (mm/h) | 43.8±32.2 | 31.8±23.0 | 0.021 |
| Preoperative CRP (mg/L) | 27.8±27.7 | 20.7±24.3 | 0.162 |
| Postoperative CRP (mg/L) | 36.1±26.7 | 20.5±23.2 | 0.001 |
| Postoperative IL-6 (ng/mL) | 28.7±17.2 | 17.2±19.9 | 0.001 |
| Preoperative ProBNP (ng/mL) | 1785.6±3377.0 | 1663.8±3216.9 | 0.847 |
| Postoperative ProBNP (ng/mL) | 1270.8±1489.3 | 1577.9±2349.8 | 0.390 |
| Vegetation ≥10 mm, n (%) | 57 (82.6%) | 40 (85.1%) | 0.595 |
| Multiple valve involvement, n (%) | 4 (5.8%) | 6 (12.8%) | 0.299 |
| Complication of embolism, n (%) | 19 (27.5%) | 6 (12.8%) | 0.115 |
| Sleep efficiency (%) | 75.7±6.9 | 88.7±2.8 | <0.001 |
| Sleep latency (min) | 11.2±3.8 | 10.3±3.8 | 0.222 |
| Total time in bed (min) | 531.0±97.5 | 480.0±68.9 | 0.003 |
| Total sleep time (min) | 399.1±63.8 | 425.5±60.4 | 0.028 |
| Duration of awakenings (min) | 93.1±42.1 | 71.7±29.3 | 0.003 |
| Average awakening duration (min) | 4.3±5.9 | 3.6±0.8 | 0.005 |
| Frequency of awakenings | 22.1±5.9 | 20.4±6.9 | 0.156 |
| PSQI (points) | 9.5±4.5 | 6.3±3.1 | <0.001 |
| PSQI ≥8, n (%) | 41 (58.6) | 16 (34.8) | 0.012 |
| ESS (points) | 7.1±3.4 | 7.3±4.1 | 0.769 |
| ESS ≥9, n (%) | 21 (30.0) | 14 (30.4) | 0.960 |
| Valve replacement, n (%) | 45 (60.0) | 30 (40.0) | 0.918 |
| BMI – body mass index; WBC – white blood cell count; Hb – hemoglobin; ALT – alanine aminotransferase; Alb – albumin; ESR – erythrocyte sedimentation rate; CRP – C-reactive protein; IL-6 – interleukin 6; ProBNP – pro-brain natriuretic peptide; PSQI – The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; ESS – Epworth Sleepiness Scale. | |||