26 July 2021 : Clinical Research
Saliva pH and Flow Rate in Patients with Periodontal Disease and Associated Cardiovascular Disease
Pompilia Camelia Lăzureanu1ABDEF, Florina Popescu2ADEF*, Anca Tudor3ACDE, Laura Stef4BD, Alina Gabriela Negru5D, Romeo Mihăilă6ADEFDOI: 10.12659/MSM.931362
Med Sci Monit 2021; 27:e931362
Table 1 Periodontal status and oral healthcare habits in the study group.
| Variable | Periodontal disease | psign | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Without (n=53) | Stage I (n=44) | Stage II (n=35) | Stage III and IV (n=23) | |||
| Age (years) | 54.26±16.23 | 67.86±9.75 | 69.00±12.55 | 74.30±5.46 | <0.001a | |
| Age groups | 25–49 | 19 (90.5%) | 1 (4.8%) | 1 (4.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | <0.001b |
| 50–70 | 25 (32.9%) | 25 (32.9%) | 20 (26.3%) | 6 (7.9%) | ||
| Above 70 | 9 (15.5%) | 18 (31.0%) | 14 (24.1%) | 17 (29.3%) | ||
| BMI | 25.24±3.78 | 25.49±3.89 | 27.61±4.23 | 28.87±3.18 | <0.001a | |
| Gender | Men | 31 (39.7%) | 21 (26.9%) | 18 (23.1%) | 8 (10.3%) | 0.287b |
| Women | 22 (28.6%) | 23 (29.9%) | 17 (22.1%) | 15 (19.5%) | ||
| Background | Urban | 38 (37.6%) | 29 (28.7%) | 18 (17.8%) | 16 (15.8%) | 0.250b |
| Rural | 15 (27.8%) | 15 (27.8%) | 17 (31.5%) | 7 (1.0%) | ||
| Education | No education | 4 (9.5%) | 17 (40.5%) | 12 (28.6%) | 9 (21.4%) | <0.001b |
| Elementary | 15 (25.0%) | 17 (28.3%) | 16 (26.7%) | 12 (20.0%) | ||
| Higher | 34 (64.2%) | 10 (18.9%) | 7 (13.2%) | 2 (3.8%) | ||
| Physical exercise level | Sedentary | 34 (31.5%) | 31 (28.7%) | 26 (24.1%) | 17 (15.7%) | 0.802b |
| 1–3 hours/week | 18 (40.0%) | 13 (28.9%) | 8 (17.8%) | 6 (13.3%) | ||
| Daily | 1 (50.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (50.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | ||
| Alcohol consumption | Yes | 12 (41.4%) | 6 (20.7%) | 7 (24.1%) | 4 (13.8%) | 0.718b |
| Smoking | Yes | 20 (29.4%) | 18 (26.5%) | 17 (0.2%) | 13 (19.1%) | 0.428b |
| Coffee | Yes | 23 (32.9%) | 21 (0.3%) | 16 (22.9%) | 10 (14.3%) | 0.975b |
| Cardiovascular disease | Yes | 29 (23.8%) | 38 (31.1%) | 32 (26.2%) | 23 (18.9%) | <0.001b |
| No | 24 (72.7%) | 6 (18.2%) | 3 (9.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | ||
| Oral healthcare habits | ||||||
| Visits to the dentist | Never | 7 (21.9%) | 11 (34.4%) | 7 (21.9%) | 7 (21.9%) | 0.196b |
| When needed | 23 (29.9%) | 23 (29.9%) | 20 (0.26%) | 11 (14.3%) | ||
| 1/year | 20 (50.0%) | 7 (17.5%) | 8 (0.2%) | 5 (12.5%) | ||
| 2/year | 2 (40.0%) | 3 (60.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | ||
| Scaling | Never | 20 (20.2%) | 23 (23.2%) | 25 (25.3%) | 31 (31.3%) | 0.003b |
| 1/year | 24 (50.0%) | 10 (20.8%) | 11 (22.9%) | 3 (6.3%) | ||
| 2/year | 3 (50.0%) | 2 (33.3%) | 1 (16.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | ||
| Dental brushing | Rarely | 1 (33.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (33.3%) | 1 (33.3%) | 0.342b |
| 1/day | 15 (24.6%) | 21 (34.4%) | 15 (24.6%) | 10 (16.4%) | ||
| 2/day | 37 (40.7%) | 23 (25.3%) | 19 (20.9%) | 12 (13.2%) | ||
| Mouthwash | Yes | 23 (52.3%) | 12 (27.3%) | 6 (13.6%) | 3 (6.8%) | 0.002b |
| Dental floss | Yes | 20 (51.3%) | 10 (25.6%) | 7 (17.9%) | 2 (5.1%) | 0.005b |
| Oral health examination | ||||||
| Probing depth | mm | 1.64±1.16 | 3.05±1.1 | 4±1.26 | 3.87±2.62 | <0.001a |
| Bleeding on probing | Yes | 18 (17.6%) | 35 (34.3%) | 31 (30.4%) | 18 (17.6%) | <0.001b |
| Clinical attachment loss | mm | 0.11±0.61 | 1.55±0.76 | 3.43±0.7 | 4.13±2.05 | <0.001a |
| Dental absence | Number of absent teeth | 3.11±2.33 | 2.91±2.38 | 3.77±2.61 | 14.87±11.29 | <0.001a |
| OHI-S score | Good (0–0.6) | 35 (61.4%) | 16 (28.1%) | 1 (1.8%) | 5 (8.8%) | <0.001b |
| Fair (0.7–1.8) | 19 (27.5%) | 31 (44.9%) | 16 (23.2%) | 3 (4.3%) | ||
| Poor (1.9–3) | 2 (4.1%) | 6 (12.2%) | 26 (53.1%) | 15 (30.6%) | ||
| a Kruskal-Wallis test; b chi-squared test. * Significant difference. | ||||||