11 January 2022: Clinical Research
Association Between Hyperhomocysteinemia Combined with Metabolic Syndrome and Higher Prevalence of Stroke in Chinese Adults Who Have Elevated Blood Pressure
Feng Hu 12BCDEF , Shichao Yu 3BCD , Juan Li 4ABCD , Wei Zhou 25BDEF , Tao Wang 25BCDE , Xiao Huang 125AF , Huihui Bao 125AG* , Xiaoshu Cheng 125AG*DOI: 10.12659/MSM.934100
Med Sci Monit 2022; 28:e934100
Table 1 Clinical characteristics of participants grouped by stroke.
| Characteristics | Total (n=14059) | non-Stroke (n=13099) | Stroke (n=960) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 63.76±9.35 | 63.68±9.41 | 64.88±8.42 | |
| Male, n (%) | 6650 (47.30%) | 6094 (46.52%) | 556 (57.92%) | |
| BMI (kg/m) | 23.62±3.74 | 23.63±3.56 | 23.44±5.67 | 0.010 |
| Waistline (cm) | 83.85±9.85 | 83.86±9.85 | 83.73±9.84 | 0.719 |
| WHR | 0.91±0.16 | 0.91±0.16 | 0.91±0.08 | 0.354 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 148.39±17.85 | 148.63±17.73 | 145.08±19.16 | |
| DBP (mmHg) | 88.93±10.75 | 89.08±10.74 | 86.87±10.65 | |
| Heart rate (times/min) | 76.55±14.00 | 76.59±14.04 | 76.03±13.50 | 0.221 |
| Smoking status, n (%) | ||||
| Never | 8143 (57.93%) | 7670 (58.57%) | 473 (49.27%) | |
| Former smoker | 2275 (16.19%) | 2031 (15.51%) | 244 (25.42%) | |
| Current smoker | 3638 (25.88%) | 3395 (25.92%) | 243 (25.31%) | |
| Drinking status, n (%) | ||||
| Never | 9088 (64.66%) | 8467 (64.65%) | 621 (64.75%) | |
| Former drinker | 1913 (13.61%) | 1684 (12.86%) | 229 (23.88%) | |
| Current drinker | 3054 (21.73%) | 2945 (22.49%) | 109 (11.37%) | |
| tHcy (μmol/L) | 14.99 (12.46–19.11) | 14.90 (12.42–18.93) | 16.63 (13.33–21.31) | |
| FBG (mmol/L) | 6.18±1.61 | 6.19±1.62 | 6.15±1.53 | 0.410 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 5.16±1.12 | 5.18±1.11 | 4.88±1.22 | |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.47 (1.04–2.16) | 1.47 (1.04–2.17) | 1.41 (1.03–2.03) | 0.013 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.57±0.43 | 1.58±0.43 | 1.47±0.39 | |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.98±0.81 | 3.00±0.81 | 2.81±0.90 | |
| Serum uric acid (μmol/L) | 6418.62±120.57 | 418.35±120.66 | 422.29±119.40 | 0.297 |
| Serum creatinine (mmol/L) | 66.00 (54.00–81.00) | 65.00 (54.00–81.00) | 72.00 (58.00–89.00) | |
| BUN (mmol/L) | 5.45±1.81 | 5.45±1.79 | 5.50±2.06 | 0.481 |
| eGFR (ml/min) | 88.26±20.23 | 88.63±20.11 | 83.27±21.07 | |
| Total bilirubin (mmol/L) | 13.30 (10.20–17.40) | 13.30 (10.20–17.40) | 13.00 (9.90–17.10) | 0.083 |
| Direct bilirubin (mmol/L) | 5.10 (4.10–6.50) | 5.10 (4.10–6.50) | 5.20 (4.00–6.50) | 0.929 |
| AST (U/L) | 24.00 (20.00–30.00) | 24.00 (20.00–30.00) | 23.00 (20.00–28.00) | |
| ALT (U/L) | 17.00 (12.00–24.00) | 17.00 (12.00–24.00) | 16.00 (12.00–23.00) | 0.088 |
| Antihypertensive agents, n (%) | 9080 (64.60%) | 8291 (63.31%) | 789 (82.19%) | |
| Hypoglycemic agents, n (%) | 740 (5.26%) | 653 (4.99%) | 87 (9.06%) | |
| Lipid-lowering agents, n (%) | 491 (3.49%) | 331 (2.53%) | 160 (16.67%) | |
| Antiplatelet agents, n (%) | 527 (3.75%) | 314 (2.40%) | 213 (22.19%) | |
| Current diseases | ||||
| Abdominal obesity, n (%) | 5221 (37.14%) | 4902 (37.42%) | 319 (33.23%) | 0.009 |
| Hyperglycemia, n (%) | 5226 (37.17%) | 4865 (37.14%) | 361 (37.60%) | 0.774 |
| T2DM, n (%) | 2569 (18.27%) | 2361 (18.02%) | 208 (21.67%) | 0.005 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 5293 (37.65%) | 4873 (37.20%) | 420 (43.75%) | |
| Elevated TG, n (%) | 5835 (41.50%) | 5379 (41.06%) | 456 (47.50%) | |
| Reduced HDL-C, n (%) | 2720 (19.35%) | 2414 (18.43%) | 306 (31.87%) | |
| MS, n (%) | 5934 (42.21%) | 5464 (41.71%) | 470 (48.96%) | |
| No. of MS components | ||||
| One | 4052 (28.82%) | 3796 (28.98%) | 256 (26.67%) | |
| Two | 4073 (28.97%) | 3839 (29.31%) | 234 (24.38%) | |
| Three | 3413 (24.28%) | 3156 (24.09%) | 257 (26.77%) | |
| Four | 1983 (14.10%) | 1825 (13.93%) | 158 (16.46%) | |
| Five | 538 (3.83%) | 483 (3.69%) | 55 (5.73%) | |
| HHcy – hyperhomocysteinemia; MS – metabolic syndrome; BMI – body mass index; WHR – waist-hip ratio; SBP – systolic blood pressure; DBP – diastolic blood pressure; tHcy – total homocysteine; FBG – fasting blood glucose; TC – total cholesterol; TG – total triglyceride; HDL-C – high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C – low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; BUN – blood urea nitrogen; eGFR – estimated glomerular filtration rate; AST – aspartate aminotransferase; ALT – alanine aminotransferase; T2DM – type 2 diabetes mellitus. | ||||