26 February 2022 : Review article
A Review of Current Clinical Concepts in the Pathophysiology, Etiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Hypercalcemia
Carolina Rodrigues Tonon1ABCDEF*, Taline Alisson Artemis Lazzarin Silva1ABCDEF, Filipe Welson Leal Pereira1ABDE, Diego Aparecido Rios Queiroz1ABDE, Edson Luiz Favero Junior1BD, Danilo Martins
1E, Paula Schimdt Azevedo1ABE, Marina Politi Okoshi1ABCDEFG, Leonardo Antonio Mamede Zornoff1DE, Sergio Alberto Rupp de Paiva 1CDE, Marcos Ferreira Minicucci1ACDE, Bertha Furlan Polegato1ABCDEFG
DOI: 10.12659/MSM.935821
Med Sci Monit 2022; 28:e935821
Table 1 Causes of hypercalcemia.
| Primary |
| Tertiary |
| PTHrp production |
| Metastasis |
| Ectopic production of PTH |
| Extrarenal activation of Vitamin D |
| Thiazide diuretics |
| Lithium carbonate |
| Calcium |
| Vitamin D and A supplements |
| Antiacids |
| Sarcoidosis |
| Tuberculosis |
| Histoplasmosis |
| Leprosy |
| Coccidioidomycosis |
| Cryptococcus |
| Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia |
| Hyperthyroidism |
| Pheochromocytoma |
| Adrenal insufficiency |
| Immobilization |
| PTH – parathyroid hormone; PTHrp – parathyroid hormone related-protein. |