26 February 2022: Review Articles
A Review of Current Clinical Concepts in the Pathophysiology, Etiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Hypercalcemia
Carolina Rodrigues Tonon ABCDEF* , Taline Alisson Artemis Lazzarin Silva ABCDEF , Filipe Welson Leal Pereira ABDE , Diego Aparecido Rios Queiroz ABDE , Edson Luiz Favero Junior BD , Danilo Martins E , Paula Schimdt Azevedo ABE , Marina Politi Okoshi ABCDEFG , Leonardo Antonio Mamede Zornoff DE , Sergio Alberto Rupp de Paiva CDE , Marcos Ferreira Minicucci ACDE , Bertha Furlan Polegato ABCDEFGDOI: 10.12659/MSM.935821
Med Sci Monit 2022; 28:e935821
Table 1 Causes of hypercalcemia.
| Primary |
| Tertiary |
| PTHrp production |
| Metastasis |
| Ectopic production of PTH |
| Extrarenal activation of Vitamin D |
| Thiazide diuretics |
| Lithium carbonate |
| Calcium |
| Vitamin D and A supplements |
| Antiacids |
| Sarcoidosis |
| Tuberculosis |
| Histoplasmosis |
| Leprosy |
| Coccidioidomycosis |
| Cryptococcus |
| Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia |
| Hyperthyroidism |
| Pheochromocytoma |
| Adrenal insufficiency |
| Immobilization |
| PTH – parathyroid hormone; PTHrp – parathyroid hormone related-protein. |