A Review of Current Clinical Concepts in the Pathophysiology, Etiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Hypercalcemia

Carolina Rodrigues Tonon; Taline Alisson Artemis Lazzarin Silva; Filipe Welson Leal Pereira; Diego Aparecido Rios Queiroz; Edson Luiz Favero Junior; Danilo Martins; Paula Schimdt Azevedo; Marina Politi Okoshi; Leonardo Antonio Mamede Zornoff; Sergio Alberto Rupp de Paiva; Marcos Ferreira Minicucci; Bertha Furlan Polegato

doi:10.12659/MSM.935821

26 February 2022 : Review article

A Review of Current Clinical Concepts in the Pathophysiology, Etiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Hypercalcemia

Carolina Rodrigues Tonon^1ABCDEF*, Taline Alisson Artemis Lazzarin Silva^1ABCDEF, Filipe Welson Leal Pereira^1ABDE, Diego Aparecido Rios Queiroz^1ABDE, Edson Luiz Favero Junior^1BD, Danilo Martins

^1E, Paula Schimdt Azevedo^1ABE, Marina Politi Okoshi^1ABCDEFG, Leonardo Antonio Mamede Zornoff^1DE, Sergio Alberto Rupp de Paiva

^1CDE, Marcos Ferreira Minicucci^1ACDE, Bertha Furlan Polegato^1ABCDEFG

DOI: 10.12659/MSM.935821

Med Sci Monit 2022; 28:e935821

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Background Calcium Homeostasis Definition, Epidemiology, and Screening for Hypercalcemia Etiology Clinical Manifestation Complementary Tests and Diagnosis Treatment Final Considerations Conclusions References

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Table 2 Signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia.

Neurological	Confusion, somnolence, anxiety, cognitive deficits, behavior changes, coma
Muscular	Weakness, muscle pain
Gastrointestinal	Constipation, nausea, vomiting
Renal	Dehydration, polyuria, nephrolithiasis, acute kidney injury
Cardiovascular	Bradycardia, tachycardia, atrioventricular blockade, prolonged PR interval, widened QRS, shortened QTc
QTc – corrected QT interval.

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A Review of Current Clinical Concepts in the Pathophysiology, Etiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Hypercalcemia

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