10 December 2022 : Clinical Research
Retrospective Study to Identify Risk Factors for Severe Disease and Mortality Using the Modified Early Warning Score in 5127 Patients with COVID-19 Admitted to an Emergency Department in Poland Between March 2020 and April 2021
Sławomir Butkiewicz1ABDEF, Artur Zaczyński2B, Igor Pańkowski1B, Piotr Tomaka3DF, Ewa Rzońca4DF, Daniel Ślęzak
5F, Marcin Podgórski6D, Robert Gałązkowski6DF, Jarosław Hiczkiewicz 7D, Patryk Rzońca8ACDEF*
DOI: 10.12659/MSM.938647
Med Sci Monit 2022; 28:e938647
Table 2 Characteristics of the study population and a comparative analysis between the surviving and non-surviving groups of patients (from March 1, 2020, to April 30, 2021).
| Variables | Total (n=5,127) | Survivors (n=4,023) | Non-survivors (n=1,104) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age [years] – Me (IQR) | 64 (47–75) | 60 (44–71) | 75 (68–84) | <0.001 |
| >60 – n (%) | 3016 (58.8) | 2028 (50.41) | 988 (89.49) | <0.001 |
| Sex – n (%) | ||||
| Female | 2390 (46.62) | 1936 (48.12) | 454 (41.12) | <0.001 |
| Male | 2737 (53.38) | 2087 (51.88) | 650 (58.88) | |
| Fever – n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 1313 (25.61) | 1106 (27.49) | 207 (18.75) | <0.001 |
| No | 3814 (74.39) | 2917 (72.51) | 897 (81.25) | |
| Cough – n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 1237 (24.13) | 1046 (26.00) | 191 (17.30) | <0.001 |
| No | 3890 (75.87) | 2977 (74.00) | 913 (82.70) | |
| Respiratory effort – n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 642 (12.52) | 493 (12.25) | 149 (13.50) | 0.269 |
| No | 4485 (87.48) | 3530 (87.75) | 955 (86.50) | |
| Dyspnea – n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 1063 (20.73) | 822 (20.43) | 241 (21.83) | 0.310 |
| No | 4064 (79.27) | 3201 (79.57) | 863 (78.17) | |
| Muscle pain – n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 449 (8.76) | 413 (10.27) | 36 (3.26) | <0.001 |
| No | 4678 (91.24) | 3610 (89.73) | 1068 (96.74) | |
| Diarrhea – n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 310 (6.05) | 257 (6.39) | 53 (4.80) | 0.045 |
| No | 4817 (93.95) | 3766 (93.61) | 1051 (95.20) | |
| Chest/back pain – n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 299 (5.83) | 260 (6.46) | 39 (3.53) | <0.001 |
| No | 4828 (94.17) | 3763 (93.54) | 1065 (96.47) | |
| Loss/change in sense of taste – n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 326 (6.36) | 300 (7.46) | 26 (2.36) | <0.001 |
| No | 4801 (93.64) | 3723 (92.54) | 1078 (97.64) | |
| Loss/change in sense of smell – n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 363 (7.08) | 334 (8.30) | 29 (2.63) | <0.001 |
| No | 4764 (92.92) | 3689 (91.70) | 1075 (97.37) | |
| Headache – n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 446 (8.70) | 410 (10.19) | 36 (3.26) | <0.001 |
| No | 4681 (91.30) | 3613 (89.81) | 1068 (96.74) | |
| Diabetes – n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 525 (10.24) | 363 (9.02) | 162 (14.67) | <0.001 |
| No | 4602 (89.76) | 3660 (90.98) | 942 (85.33) | |
| Hypertension – n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 1082 (21.10) | 803 (19.96) | 279 (25.27) | <0.001 |
| No | 4045 (78.90) | 3220 (80.04) | 825 (74.73) | |
| Acute coronary syndromes – n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 296 (5.77) | 206 (5.12) | 90 (8.15) | <0.001 |
| No | 4831 (94.23) | 3817 (94.88) | 1014 (91.85) | |
| Stroke history – n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 250 (4.88) | 168 (4.18) | 82 (7.43) | <0.001 |
| No | 4877 (95.12) | 3855 (95.82) | 1022 (92.57) | |
| Cancer – n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 192 (3.74) | 119 (2.96) | 73 (6.61) | <0.001 |
| No | 4935 (96.26) | 3904 (97.04) | 1031 (93.39) | |
| Heart failure – n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 356 (6.94) | 220 (5.47) | 136 (12.32) | <0.001 |
| No | 4771 (93.06) | 3803 (94.53) | 968 (87.68) | |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease – n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 112 (2.18) | 74 (1.84) | 38 (3.44) | 0.001 |
| No | 5015 (97.82) | 3949 (98.16) | 1066 (96.56) | |
| Renal failure – n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 314 (6.12) | 195 (4.85) | 119 (10.78) | <0.001 |
| No | 4813 (93.88) | 3828 (95.15) | 985 (89.22) | |
| Smoking – n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 282 (5.50) | 211 (5.24) | 71 (6.43) | 0.126 |
| No | 4845 (94.50) | 3812 (94.76) | 1033 (93.57) | |
| Ventilator therapy – n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 283 (5.52) | 178 (4.42) | 105 (9.51) | <0.001 |
| No | 4844 (94.48) | 3845 (95.58) | 999 (90.49) | |
| Nasal high-flow therapy – n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 774 (15.10) | 546 (13.57) | 228 (20.65) | <0.001 |
| No | 4353 (84.90) | 3477 (86.43) | 876 (79.35) | |
| Intensive Care Unit admission – n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 452 (8.82) | 131 (3.26) | 321 (29.08) | <0.001 |
| No | 4675 (91.18) | 3892 (96.74) | 783 (70.92) | |
| Duration of hospital stay [days] – Me (IQR) | 10 (5–17) | 10 (5–17) | 10 (5–18) | 0.092 |
| MEWS – Me (IQR) | 3 (0–3) | 2 (0–3) | 3 (3–5) | <0.001 |
| ≥5 – n (%) | 1024 (19.97) | 614 (15.26) | 410 (37.14) | <0.001 |
| WBC count [thousand/μl] – Me (IQR) | 7 (5–9) | 6 (5–9) | 10 (7–16) | <0.001 |
| >10 – n (%) | 1030 (20.10) | 527 (13.09) | 504 (45.64) | <0.001 |
| RBC count [million/μl] – Me (IQR) | 4 (4–5) | 5 (4–5) | 4 (3–4) | <0.001 |
| <4 – n (%) | 682 (13.30) | 343 (8.53) | 339 (30.67) | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin [g/dl] – Me (IQR) | 13 (12–15) | 13 (12–15) | 12 (10–13) | <0.001 |
| <7 – n (%) | 45 (0.88) | 13 (0.32) | 32 (2.94) | <0.001 |
| Hematocrit [%] – Me (IQR) | 39 (35–43) | 39 (36–43) | 35 (31–40) | <0.001 |
| <40 (male) 37 (female) [%] – n (%) | 3227 (62.95) | 2365 (58.78) | 863 (78.15) | <0.001 |
| Platelet count [thousand/μl] – Me (IQR) | 205 (161–265) | 209 (166–265) | 189 (128–265) | <0.001 |
| <150 [thousand/μl] – n (%) | 1029 (20.07) | 667 (16.59) | 362 (32.77) | <0.001 |
| Neutrophil count [thousand/μl] – Me (IQR) | 5 (3–7) | 4 (3–6) | 8 (5–13) | <0.001 |
| >8 [thousand/μl] – n (%) | 920 (17.95) | 425 (10.57) | 495 (44.83) | <0.001 |
| Lymphocyte count [thousand/μl] – Me (IQR) | 1.3 (0.8–1.7) | 1.3 (0.9–1.8) | 0.7 (0.5–1.2) | <0.001 |
| <1.0 [thousand/μl] – n (%) | 497 (9.69) | 178 (4.43) | 319 (28.88) | <0.001 |
| Monocyte count [thousand/μl] – Me (IQR) | 0.5 (0.4–0.7) | 0.6 (0.4–0.7) | 0.5 (0.3–0.7) | <0.001 |
| <0.1 [thousand/μl] – n (%) | 295 (5.75) | 71 (1.77) | 224 (20.26) | <0.001 |
| Percentage of lung parenchyma affected based on HRCT [%] – Me (IQR) | 8 (4–20) | 8 (4–15) | 10 (5–37) | <0.001 |
| >50 [%] – n (%) | 417 (8.12) | 204 (5.08) | 212 (19.22) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure [mmHg] – Me (IQR) | 134 (120–150) | 134 (116–150) | 133 (116–152) | 0.309 |
| <90 [mmHg] – n (%) | 134 (2.62) | 37 (0.93) | 97 (8.76) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure [mmHg] – Me (IQR) – n (%) | 82 (74–90) | 83 (75–90) | 78 (65–90) | <0.001 |
| <60 [mmHg] – n (%) | 351 (6.84) | 163 (4.05) | 188 (17.01) | <0.001 |
| MAP – Me (IQR) | 100 (91–110) | 101 (91–109) | 97 (83–110) | 0.001 |
| <70 [mmHg] – n (%) | 150 (2.92) | 58 (1.44) | 92 (8.33) | <0.001 |
| Heart rate [beats per minute] – Me (IQR) – n (%) | 88 (78–100) | 88 (78–100) | 91 (78–110) | <0.001 |
| ≥125 [beats per minute] | 239 (4.67) | 119 (2.96) | 120 (10.88) | <0.001 |
| Respiratory rate [breaths per minute] – Me (IQR) – n (%) | 18 (15–20) | 17 (15–19) | 20 (18–25) | <0.001 |
| >24 [breaths per minute] | 442 (8.63) | 111 (2.76) | 331 (30.00) | <0.001 |
| Oxygen saturation [%] – Me (IQR) | 97 (94–99) | 97 (95–99) | 92 (85–95) | <0.001 |
| <92 [%] – n (%) | 967 (18.87) | (9.27) | (53.85) | <0.001 |
| Me – median; IQR, interquartile range; MEWS – modified early warning score; WBC – white blood cells; RBC – red blood cells; HRCT – high-resolution computed tomography; MAP – mean arterial pressure. | ||||