28 November 2022: Clinical Research
Retrospective Study to Identify Risk Factors for Severe Disease and Mortality Using the Modified Early Warning Score in 5127 Patients with COVID-19 Admitted to an Emergency Department in Poland Between March 2020 and April 2021
Sławomir Butkiewicz 1ABDEF , Artur Zaczyński 2B , Igor Pańkowski 1B , Piotr Tomaka 3DF , Ewa Rzońca 4DF , Daniel Ślęzak 5F , Marcin Podgórski 6D , Robert Gałązkowski 6DF , Jarosław Hiczkiewicz 7D , Patryk Rzońca 8ACDEF*DOI: 10.12659/MSM.938647
Med Sci Monit 2022; 28:e938647
Table 2 Characteristics of the study population and a comparative analysis between the surviving and non-surviving groups of patients (from March 1, 2020, to April 30, 2021).
| Variables | Total (n=5,127) | Survivors (n=4,023) | Non-survivors (n=1,104) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age [years] – Me (IQR) | 64 (47–75) | 60 (44–71) | 75 (68–84) | |
| >60 – n (%) | 3016 (58.8) | 2028 (50.41) | 988 (89.49) | |
| Sex – n (%) | ||||
| Female | 2390 (46.62) | 1936 (48.12) | 454 (41.12) | |
| Male | 2737 (53.38) | 2087 (51.88) | 650 (58.88) | |
| Fever – n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 1313 (25.61) | 1106 (27.49) | 207 (18.75) | |
| No | 3814 (74.39) | 2917 (72.51) | 897 (81.25) | |
| Cough – n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 1237 (24.13) | 1046 (26.00) | 191 (17.30) | |
| No | 3890 (75.87) | 2977 (74.00) | 913 (82.70) | |
| Respiratory effort – n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 642 (12.52) | 493 (12.25) | 149 (13.50) | 0.269 |
| No | 4485 (87.48) | 3530 (87.75) | 955 (86.50) | |
| Dyspnea – n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 1063 (20.73) | 822 (20.43) | 241 (21.83) | 0.310 |
| No | 4064 (79.27) | 3201 (79.57) | 863 (78.17) | |
| Muscle pain – n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 449 (8.76) | 413 (10.27) | 36 (3.26) | |
| No | 4678 (91.24) | 3610 (89.73) | 1068 (96.74) | |
| Diarrhea – n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 310 (6.05) | 257 (6.39) | 53 (4.80) | 0.045 |
| No | 4817 (93.95) | 3766 (93.61) | 1051 (95.20) | |
| Chest/back pain – n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 299 (5.83) | 260 (6.46) | 39 (3.53) | |
| No | 4828 (94.17) | 3763 (93.54) | 1065 (96.47) | |
| Loss/change in sense of taste – n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 326 (6.36) | 300 (7.46) | 26 (2.36) | |
| No | 4801 (93.64) | 3723 (92.54) | 1078 (97.64) | |
| Loss/change in sense of smell – n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 363 (7.08) | 334 (8.30) | 29 (2.63) | |
| No | 4764 (92.92) | 3689 (91.70) | 1075 (97.37) | |
| Headache – n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 446 (8.70) | 410 (10.19) | 36 (3.26) | |
| No | 4681 (91.30) | 3613 (89.81) | 1068 (96.74) | |
| Diabetes – n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 525 (10.24) | 363 (9.02) | 162 (14.67) | |
| No | 4602 (89.76) | 3660 (90.98) | 942 (85.33) | |
| Hypertension – n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 1082 (21.10) | 803 (19.96) | 279 (25.27) | |
| No | 4045 (78.90) | 3220 (80.04) | 825 (74.73) | |
| Acute coronary syndromes – n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 296 (5.77) | 206 (5.12) | 90 (8.15) | |
| No | 4831 (94.23) | 3817 (94.88) | 1014 (91.85) | |
| Stroke history – n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 250 (4.88) | 168 (4.18) | 82 (7.43) | |
| No | 4877 (95.12) | 3855 (95.82) | 1022 (92.57) | |
| Cancer – n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 192 (3.74) | 119 (2.96) | 73 (6.61) | |
| No | 4935 (96.26) | 3904 (97.04) | 1031 (93.39) | |
| Heart failure – n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 356 (6.94) | 220 (5.47) | 136 (12.32) | |
| No | 4771 (93.06) | 3803 (94.53) | 968 (87.68) | |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease – n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 112 (2.18) | 74 (1.84) | 38 (3.44) | 0.001 |
| No | 5015 (97.82) | 3949 (98.16) | 1066 (96.56) | |
| Renal failure – n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 314 (6.12) | 195 (4.85) | 119 (10.78) | |
| No | 4813 (93.88) | 3828 (95.15) | 985 (89.22) | |
| Smoking – n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 282 (5.50) | 211 (5.24) | 71 (6.43) | 0.126 |
| No | 4845 (94.50) | 3812 (94.76) | 1033 (93.57) | |
| Ventilator therapy – n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 283 (5.52) | 178 (4.42) | 105 (9.51) | |
| No | 4844 (94.48) | 3845 (95.58) | 999 (90.49) | |
| Nasal high-flow therapy – n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 774 (15.10) | 546 (13.57) | 228 (20.65) | |
| No | 4353 (84.90) | 3477 (86.43) | 876 (79.35) | |
| Intensive Care Unit admission – n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 452 (8.82) | 131 (3.26) | 321 (29.08) | |
| No | 4675 (91.18) | 3892 (96.74) | 783 (70.92) | |
| Duration of hospital stay [days] – Me (IQR) | 10 (5–17) | 10 (5–17) | 10 (5–18) | 0.092 |
| MEWS – Me (IQR) | 3 (0–3) | 2 (0–3) | 3 (3–5) | |
| ≥5 – n (%) | 1024 (19.97) | 614 (15.26) | 410 (37.14) | |
| WBC count [thousand/μl] – Me (IQR) | 7 (5–9) | 6 (5–9) | 10 (7–16) | |
| >10 – n (%) | 1030 (20.10) | 527 (13.09) | 504 (45.64) | |
| RBC count [million/μl] – Me (IQR) | 4 (4–5) | 5 (4–5) | 4 (3–4) | |
| 682 (13.30) | 343 (8.53) | 339 (30.67) | ||
| Hemoglobin [g/dl] – Me (IQR) | 13 (12–15) | 13 (12–15) | 12 (10–13) | |
| 45 (0.88) | 13 (0.32) | 32 (2.94) | ||
| Hematocrit [%] – Me (IQR) | 39 (35–43) | 39 (36–43) | 35 (31–40) | |
| 3227 (62.95) | 2365 (58.78) | 863 (78.15) | ||
| Platelet count [thousand/μl] – Me (IQR) | 205 (161–265) | 209 (166–265) | 189 (128–265) | |
| 1029 (20.07) | 667 (16.59) | 362 (32.77) | ||
| Neutrophil count [thousand/μl] – Me (IQR) | 5 (3–7) | 4 (3–6) | 8 (5–13) | |
| >8 [thousand/μl] – n (%) | 920 (17.95) | 425 (10.57) | 495 (44.83) | |
| Lymphocyte count [thousand/μl] – Me (IQR) | 1.3 (0.8–1.7) | 1.3 (0.9–1.8) | 0.7 (0.5–1.2) | |
| 497 (9.69) | 178 (4.43) | 319 (28.88) | ||
| Monocyte count [thousand/μl] – Me (IQR) | 0.5 (0.4–0.7) | 0.6 (0.4–0.7) | 0.5 (0.3–0.7) | |
| 295 (5.75) | 71 (1.77) | 224 (20.26) | ||
| Percentage of lung parenchyma affected based on HRCT [%] – Me (IQR) | 8 (4–20) | 8 (4–15) | 10 (5–37) | |
| >50 [%] – n (%) | 417 (8.12) | 204 (5.08) | 212 (19.22) | |
| Systolic blood pressure [mmHg] – Me (IQR) | 134 (120–150) | 134 (116–150) | 133 (116–152) | 0.309 |
| 134 (2.62) | 37 (0.93) | 97 (8.76) | ||
| Diastolic blood pressure [mmHg] – Me (IQR) – n (%) | 82 (74–90) | 83 (75–90) | 78 (65–90) | |
| 351 (6.84) | 163 (4.05) | 188 (17.01) | ||
| MAP – Me (IQR) | 100 (91–110) | 101 (91–109) | 97 (83–110) | 0.001 |
| 150 (2.92) | 58 (1.44) | 92 (8.33) | ||
| Heart rate [beats per minute] – Me (IQR) – n (%) | 88 (78–100) | 88 (78–100) | 91 (78–110) | |
| ≥125 [beats per minute] | 239 (4.67) | 119 (2.96) | 120 (10.88) | |
| Respiratory rate [breaths per minute] – Me (IQR) – n (%) | 18 (15–20) | 17 (15–19) | 20 (18–25) | |
| >24 [breaths per minute] | 442 (8.63) | 111 (2.76) | 331 (30.00) | |
| Oxygen saturation [%] – Me (IQR) | 97 (94–99) | 97 (95–99) | 92 (85–95) | |
| 967 (18.87) | (9.27) | (53.85) | ||
| Me – median; IQR, interquartile range; MEWS – modified early warning score; WBC – white blood cells; RBC – red blood cells; HRCT – high-resolution computed tomography; MAP – mean arterial pressure. | ||||