10 December 2022 : Clinical Research
Retrospective Study to Identify Risk Factors for Severe Disease and Mortality Using the Modified Early Warning Score in 5127 Patients with COVID-19 Admitted to an Emergency Department in Poland Between March 2020 and April 2021
Sławomir Butkiewicz1ABDEF, Artur Zaczyński2B, Igor Pańkowski1B, Piotr Tomaka3DF, Ewa Rzońca4DF, Daniel Ślęzak
5F, Marcin Podgórski6D, Robert Gałązkowski6DF, Jarosław Hiczkiewicz 7D, Patryk Rzońca8ACDEF*
DOI: 10.12659/MSM.938647
Med Sci Monit 2022; 28:e938647
Table 3 Logistic regression analysis evaluating the impact of selected factors on the risk of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 (from March 1, 2020, to April 30, 2021).
| Variable | ORc | 95% CI | p-value | ORa | 95% CI | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age >60 | 1.14 | 0.93–1.40 | 0.217 | |||
| Sex (Male) | 1.96 | 1.59–2.40 | <0.001 | 1.68 | 1.40–2.01 | <0.001 |
| Fever (>38°C) | 1.12 | 0.90–1.39 | <0.001 | – | – | – |
| Cough | 1.11 | 0.89–1.38 | 0.361 | – | – | – |
| Respiratory effort | 1.60 | 1.24–2.07 | <0.001 | – | – | – |
| Dyspnea | 1.93 | 1.57–2.39 | <0.001 | 1.89 | 1.50–2.40 | <0.001 |
| Muscle pain | 0.64 | 0.43–0.96 | 0.030 | – | – | – |
| Diarrhea | 1.16 | 0.79–1.70 | 0.449 | – | – | – |
| Chest/back pain | 0.86 | 0.55–1.32 | 0.480 | – | – | – |
| Loss/change in sense of taste | 0.85 | 0.56–1.30 | 0.451 | – | – | – |
| Loss/change in sense of smell | 0.86 | 0.47–1.27 | 0.443 | – | – | – |
| Headache | 0.87 | 0.61–1.25 | 0.451 | – | – | – |
| Diabetes | 1.70 | 1.29–2.23 | <0.001 | 1.40 | 1.05–1.87 | 0.020 |
| Hypertension | 1.41 | 1.13–1.76 | 0.002 | – | – | – |
| Acute coronary syndromes | 1.09 | 0.73–1.62 | 0.688 | – | – | – |
| Stroke history | 0.75 | 0.45–1.23 | 0.251 | – | – | – |
| Cancer | 1.01 | 0.61–1.67 | 0.985 | – | – | – |
| Heart failure | 1.34 | 0.95–1.89 | 0.096 | – | – | – |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 2.76 | 1.73–4.42 | <0.001 | 1.75 | 1.07–2.87 | 0.027 |
| Renal failure | 1.56 | 1.10–2.21 | 0.012 | – | – | – |
| Smoking | 1.72 | 1.21–2.45 | 0.003 | – | – | – |
| Ventilator therapy | 3.51 | 2.62–4.72 | <0.001 | 3.63 | 2.81–4.69 | 0.001 |
| Nasal high-flow therapy | 2.60 | 2.06–3.19 | <0.001 | 3.03 | 2.42–3.80 | <0.001 |
| Duration of hospital stay | 1.06 | 1.05–1.06 | <0.001 | – | – | – |
| MEWS ≥5 | 16.99 | 14.15–20.40 | <0.001 | 26.16 | 11.69–58.52 | <0.001 |
| WBC count >10 | 5.37 | 3.27–8.82 | <0.001 | – | – | – |
| RBC count <4 | 1.80 | 0.75–4.35 | 0.190 | – | – | – |
| Hemoglobin <7 | 4.72 | 0.0 | 0.469 | – | – | – |
| Hematocrit <40% (male) 37% (female) | 1.98 | 0.98–4.01 | 0.057 | – | – | – |
| Platelet count <150 | 2.52 | 1.26–5.03 | 0.009 | 6.71 | 1.97–22.90 | 0.002 |
| Neutrophil count >8 | 14.55 | 7.02–30.18 | <0.001 | 17.04 | 4.77–60.83 | <0.001 |
| Lymphocyte count <1.0 | 8.83 | 4.42–17.61 | <0.001 | – | – | – |
| Monocyte count <0.1 | 6.75 | 2.89–15.75 | <0.001 | – | – | – |
| Percentage of lung parenchyma affected >50% | 3.69 | 2.76–4.94 | <0.001 | 4.13 | 1.12–15.22 | 0.033 |
| Systolic blood pressure <90 | 12.25 | 7.12–21.07 | <0.001 | 4.07 | 1.53–10.81 | 0.005 |
| Diastolic blood pressure <60 | 5.66 | 3.90–8.23 | <0.001 | – | – | – |
| MAP <70 | 6.04 | 3.16–11.54 | <0.001 | – | – | – |
| Heart rate >125 | 5.09 | 3.28–7.87 | <0.001 | – | – | – |
| Respiratory rate >24 | 16.14 | 10.63–24.51 | <0.001 | 2.79 | 1.60–4.86 | <0.001 |
| Oxygen saturation <92% | 17.54 | 13.02–23.63 | <0.001 | 2.90 | 1.75–4.80 | <0.001 |
| ORc – crude odds ratio; ORa – adjusted odds ratio; 95% CI – 95% confidence interval; MEWS – modified early warning score; WBC – white blood cells; RBC – red blood cells; MAP – mean arterial pressure. | ||||||