Brief Test of Olfactory Dysfunction Based on Diagnostic Features of Specific Odors in Early-Stage Alzheimer Disease

27 May 2023 : Clinical Research

Egle Audronyte

^1ABCDEF*, Vaiva Sutnikiene^1BCEF, Gyte Pakulaite-Kazliene^1CDEF, Gintaras Kaubrys

^1ABCDEF

DOI: 10.12659/MSM.940363

Med Sci Monit 2023; 29:e940363

Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants.

	NC (N=30)	MCI-AD (N=30)	MD-AD (N=30)
Male (%)^*	13 (43.3%)	13 (43.3%)	12 (40.0%)
Years of education^*	15 [13.5–16]	16 [14–16]	16 [13–16]
Age^**	74 [68.75–76]	72 [67.75–77.25]	78 [75–79.25]
GDS^*	5.5 [4–6.25]	5.5 [4–6]	5 [4–6.25]
HIS^*	1 [0–1]	1 [0–1]	1 [1–1.25]
Duration of AD symptoms (in years)^***	N/A	3 [2–3]	4 [3–5]
GDS – Geriatric Depression Scale; HIS – Hachinski Ischemic Score; NC – normal cognition; AD – Alzheimer disease; MCI-AD – mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer disease; MD-AD – mild dementia due to Alzheimer disease; N/A – not applicable. Data are represented as median and interquartile range unless otherwise specified. ^* The groups did not differ significantly. ^ The MD-AD group differed significantly from the MCI-AD and NC groups. No significant differences were observed between the NC and MCI-AD groups. ^* The MD-AD group differed significantly from the MCI-AD group.