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24 October 2023: Clinical Research

Comparison of Nanocrystalline Hydroxyapatite Bone Graft with Empty Defects in Long Bone Fractures: A Retrospective Case-Control Study

Jonas Pawelke 1ABCDEF , Vithusha Vinayahalingam 1ABE , Christian Heiss 12D , Matthäus Budak 2E , Thaqif El Khassawna 1ABCDE* , Gero Knapp 2ABCDEF

DOI: 10.12659/MSM.941112

Med Sci Monit 2023; 29:e941112

Table 2 General radiological criteria of bone healing, modified after Bohnhof et al [29], Freyschmidt et al [30], and Islam et al [31] for evaluating conventional radiographs.

CriterionClassificationRadiological criteria
Fracture tilt1No visible edges
2Dimly visible edges
3Blurred edges
4Partly sharp-, partly blurred-edged
5Sharp-edged
Fracture gap1No fracture gap: Bridging is completed
2Condensation
3Partly blurred, partly compressed
4Blurred
5Reduction of density, bone gap looks more impressive
6Visible gap
Articular surface1No anomalies
2Intraarticular fracture gap
3Intraarticular stage
4Intraarticular stage and intraarticular fracture gap
Osteosynthesis1Explantation of osteosynthesis because of bone healing
2All fracture fragments are fixed, osteosynthesis screws are extraarticulare, osteosynthesis plate is fitting tightly on corticalis, no material fracture
3All fracture fragments are fixed, osteosynthesis screws are extraarticulare, osteosynthesis plate is fitting tightly on corticalis, no material fracture, x-ray image while wearing gypsium
4Osteosynthesis screws are extraarticulare, osteosynthesis plate is fitting tightly on corticalis, no material fracture, some fracture fragments are not fixed
5Osteosynthesis screws are extraarticular, osteosynthesis plate is fitting tightly on corticalis, no material fracture, some fracture fragments aren’t fixed, x-ray image while wearing gypsum
6Pathological damages at the osteosynthesis, e.g.:
Bone structure1Normal bone substance
2Local condensation
3Reduction of density
4Resorption of fracture callus
5Growing and extended fracture callus

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Medical Science Monitor eISSN: 1643-3750
Medical Science Monitor eISSN: 1643-3750