24 October 2023 : Clinical Research
Comparison of Nanocrystalline Hydroxyapatite Bone Graft with Empty Defects in Long Bone Fractures: A Retrospective Case-Control Study
Jonas Pawelke1ABCDEF, Vithusha Vinayahalingam1ABE, Christian Heiss12D, Matthäus Budak2E, Thaqif El Khassawna1ABCDE*, Gero Knapp2ABCDEFDOI: 10.12659/MSM.941112
Med Sci Monit 2023; 29:e941112
Table 2 General radiological criteria of bone healing, modified after Bohnhof et al [29], Freyschmidt et al [30], and Islam et al [31] for evaluating conventional radiographs.
| Criterion | Classification | Radiological criteria |
|---|---|---|
| Fracture tilt | 1 | No visible edges |
| 2 | Dimly visible edges | |
| 3 | Blurred edges | |
| 4 | Partly sharp-, partly blurred-edged | |
| 5 | Sharp-edged | |
| Fracture gap | 1 | No fracture gap: Bridging is completed |
| 2 | Condensation | |
| 3 | Partly blurred, partly compressed | |
| 4 | Blurred | |
| 5 | Reduction of density, bone gap looks more impressive | |
| 6 | Visible gap | |
| Articular surface | 1 | No anomalies |
| 2 | Intraarticular fracture gap | |
| 3 | Intraarticular stage | |
| 4 | Intraarticular stage and intraarticular fracture gap | |
| Osteosynthesis | 1 | Explantation of osteosynthesis because of bone healing |
| 2 | All fracture fragments are fixed, osteosynthesis screws are extraarticulare, osteosynthesis plate is fitting tightly on corticalis, no material fracture | |
| 3 | All fracture fragments are fixed, osteosynthesis screws are extraarticulare, osteosynthesis plate is fitting tightly on corticalis, no material fracture, x-ray image while wearing gypsium | |
| 4 | Osteosynthesis screws are extraarticulare, osteosynthesis plate is fitting tightly on corticalis, no material fracture, some fracture fragments are not fixed | |
| 5 | Osteosynthesis screws are extraarticular, osteosynthesis plate is fitting tightly on corticalis, no material fracture, some fracture fragments aren’t fixed, x-ray image while wearing gypsum | |
| 6 | Pathological damages at the osteosynthesis, e.g.: | |
| Bone structure | 1 | Normal bone substance |
| 2 | Local condensation | |
| 3 | Reduction of density | |
| 4 | Resorption of fracture callus | |
| 5 | Growing and extended fracture callus |