27 August 2023: Database Analysis
The Impact of Visceral Adiposity on Testosterone Levels in American Adult Men: A Cross-Sectional Analysis
Mingqin Su ABCDEF , Hongquan Wei ABCD , Lijun Chen BC , Yuxiang Guan BD , Wei Dong B , Min Zhao AG*DOI: 10.12659/MSM.941394
Med Sci Monit 2023; 29:e941394
Table 1 Baseline characteristics of enrolled participants classified by VAI quartiles.
| Characteristics | Q1 (0.104, 0.754) | Q2 (0.754, 1.264) | Q3 (1.264, 2.272) | Q4 (≥2.72) | P values |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 47.22±1.91 | 47.84±1.39 | 49.60±0.99 | 48.15±0.87 | 0.4944 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.90±0.19 | 3.02±0.25 | 4.33±0.41 | 6.91±0.86 | |
| TyG | 7.85±0.02 | 8.36±0.02 | 8.78±0.02 | 9.48±0.04 | |
| Energy, kcal | 2502.85±60.82 | 2300.86±58.90 | 2310.12±59.12 | 2343.97±50.61 | 0.0393 |
| Total protein, gm | 98.26±2.25 | 91.69±3.21 | 92.23±2.22 | 96.19±1.84 | 0.1758 |
| Total fat, gm | 97.85±2.88 | 89.72±2.87 | 90.01±3.18 | 91.57±2.72 | 0.1241 |
| Total T, ng/dl | 534.96±13.51 | 497.84±16.56 | 419.25± 8.97 | 385.34±14.74 | |
| Race, % | 0.0025 | ||||
| Black | 14.30 (2.09) | 8.80 (1.29) | 7.34 (1.33) | 4.11 (1.17) | |
| Mexican | 5.38 (1.59) | 7.18 (1.61) | 10.56 (2.56) | 9.24 (2.05) | |
| White | 64.83 (4.31) | 72.49 (3.09) | 62.76 (4.54) | 73.02 (3.56) | |
| Other | 15.49 (3.36) | 11.54 (1.85) | 19.34 (3.07) | 13.63 (2.51) | |
| Education, % | 0.6944 | ||||
| Less than high school | 15.20 (2.83) | 12.19 (2.98) | 14.58 (3.24) | 13.13 (2.33) | |
| High school | 25.56 (4.02) | 20.38 (3.38) | 22.70 (3.17) | 19.13 (3.98) | |
| More than high school | 59.24 (3.81) | 67.43 (4.30) | 62.72 (4.58) | 67.75 (4.24) | |
| PIR, % | 0.7766 | ||||
| 10.21 (1.84) | 12.55 (2.47) | 12.16 (2.4926) | 12.49 (2.08) | ||
| ≥1 | 89.78 (1.84) | 87.45 (2.47) | 87.84 (2.49) | 87.51 (2.08) | |
| Alcohol, % | 0.5911 | ||||
| No | 8.13 (1.85) | 10.23 (3.29) | 6.54 (1.93) | 9.54 (2.86) | |
| Yes | 91.87 (1.85) | 89.77 (3.29) | 93.46 (1.93) | 90.46 (2.86) | |
| Smoke, % | 0.1981 | ||||
| Never | 49.43 (3.30) | 52.62 (4.71) | 39.69 (4.01) | 45.88 (3.35) | |
| Former | 28.09 (3.52) | 30.05 (4.00) | 39.15 (3.89) | 36.26 (4.13) | |
| Now | 22.48 (3.65) | 17.33 (2.54) | 21.16 (3.01) | 17.86 (2.81) | |
| BMI, % | |||||
| 49.77 (4.14) | 35.49 (4.23) | 13.86 (2.58) | 11.30 (2.06) | ||
| 25–30 kg/m | 17.31 (3.46) | 24.42 (3.05) | 48.96 (4.99) | 49.20 (3.59) | |
| ≥30 kg/m | 32.92 (3.97) | 40.10 (4.24) | 37.17 (4.86) | 39.50 (4.01) | |
| Hypertension, % | |||||
| No | 72.79 (4.03) | 55.22 (3.92) | 57.50 (3.88) | 47.46 (3.28) | |
| Yes | 27.21 (4.03) | 44.78 (3.92) | 42.50 (3.88) | 52.54 (3.28) | |
| Diabetes, % | |||||
| No | 76.61 (2.18) | 73.81 (3.66) | 51.85 (4.01) | 49.92 (4.16) | |
| Borderline | 15.96 (1.49) | 12.65 (2.58) | 24.66 (3.20) | 25.26 (3.18) | |
| Yes | 7.42 (1.70) | 13.55 (2.57) | 23.49 (2.84) | 24.82 (3.18) | |
| TD, % | |||||
| No | 94.03 (1.90) | 85.78 (3.32) | 79.56 (2.93) | 66.01 (3.37) | |
| Yes | 5.97 (1.90) | 14.22 (3.32) | 20.44 (2.93) | 33.99 (3.37) | |
| BMI – body mass index; HOMA-IR – homeostatic model assessment index; PIR – the ratio of family income to poverty; TyG – triglyceride glucose; VAI – visceral adiposity index; TD – testosterone deficiency. | |||||