04 December 2023: Review Articles
Clinical Application of Adaptive Optics Imaging in Diagnosis, Management, and Monitoring of Ophthalmological Diseases: A Narrative Review
Alina Szewczuk 1BDEF* , Anna Zaleska-Żmijewska 2DEF , Jacek Dziedziak 3DE , Jacek P. Szaflik 2DEFDOI: 10.12659/MSM.941926
Med Sci Monit 2023; 29:e941926
Table 2 Examples of diseases studied with AO.
| Ophthalmological disease | Research findings using AO |
|---|---|
| Retinal vein occlusion | Parafoveal aggregated erythrocyte velocity (AEV) assessed by the AO-SLO method in eyes with macular edema caused by retinal vein occlusion is significantly reduced compared to the control group []The microvascular density of fellow eyes was significantly higher than that of the affected eyes and significantly lower than that of the control group, reflecting subclinical pathology []89 |
| Macular Hole | Disruption of photoreceptor mosaic corresponding to regions of ellipsoid zone disruption on OCT was shown in all patients after successful MH closure []On AO-OCT images, scattered hyper-reflective dots were shown on the surface of the peeled retina in all patients after vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane peeling and gas tamponade, suggesting possible Müller cell reactive gliosis []91 |
| Choroidal melanoma | Photoreceptor alterations were shown in the retina lying above the choroidal lesion and in the adjacent retina []93 |
| Melanoma associated retinopathy | Reduced cone density was shown despite fundus examination being within normal limits []94 |
| Cancer Associated Retinopathy | Abnormal cone structure and reduced cone density were demonstrated using AO-SLO compared to the control group. These findings correspond to post-mortem findings on histopathological examination []95 |
| Solar retinopathy | The cone density in the fovea was decreased in all patients with solar retinopathy compared to the controls []Alterations in the foveal cone mosaic correspond to changes in reflectivity on en-face OCT image and reduced retinal sensitivity in microperimetry []96 |
| Laser Pointer Maculopathy | There was a loss of inner and outer segments of the cones, an increase in the Voronoi domain area, and a decrease in the regularity of the cone mosaic in the fovea []98 |
| Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum-related retinopathy | A cone mosaic of decreased density was demonstrated within the angioid streaks compared to adjacent areas of the retina.Three types of angioid streaks were identified: “crack,” “band,” and “hypopigmented” []99 |
| Retinal detachment | AO-OCT images showed a cone mosaic of severe irregularity and reduced density in eyes after gas-assisted vitrectomy for macular detachment compared to healthy eyes. After 56 weeks, although there has been significant improvement in parameters, structural impairment was still present []100 |
| Endophthalmitis | A decreased foveal cone density in the eye with resolving endophthalmitis was demonstrated compared to the fellow eye, despite near-normal vision and no structural changes in OCT []101 |
| Hydroxychloroquine induced maculopathy | Gradual loss of cones was observed as the accumulation dose of hydroxychloroquine increased without clinical evidence of maculopathy []The study showed a disturbed cone mosaic with a loss of cones correlating with visual field defects []102 |
| AO – adaptive optics; AO-OCT adaptive optics optical coherence tomography; AO-SLO – adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy; OCT – optical coherence tomography. | |