23 January 2024 : Review article
Decoding the Neurological Sequelae of General Anesthesia: A Review
Paweł Radkowski
123ABCDEFG, Hubert Oniszczuk 4ABCDEFG*, Magdalena Fadrowska-Szleper 1AE, Dariusz Onichimowski 12AE
DOI: 10.12659/MSM.942740
Med Sci Monit 2024; 30:e942740
Background
Delayed Awakening After General Anesthesia
Pharmacological Agents
Non-Pharmacological Agents
Anticholinergic Syndrome
Postoperative Delirium
Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction (POCD)
Perioperative Stroke (POS) After General Anesthesia
Spinal Cord Ischemia (SCI)
Postoperative Visual Loss (POVL)
Conclusions
Future Directions
References
Table 2 The most common comorbidities and metabolic disorders leading to delayed recovery.
| Respiratory diseases and respiratory disorders, hypoxia, and hypercarbia |
| Cardiovascular diseases and hemodynamic disorders |
| Acute and chronic liver failure |
| Acute and chronic kidney failure |
| Neurological diseases (structural and functional diseases of the CNS, neuromuscular diseases) and psychiatric disorders |
| Endocrine diseases (hypothyroidism, adrenal cortex, pituitary-hypothalamic axis disorders) |
| Hypoglycemia/Hyperglycemia |
| Acid-base and water-electrolyte balance disorders (acidosis, hypo/hypernatremia, hypocalcemia) |
| Hypothermia |
| CNS – central nervous system. |