04 May 2024 : Database Analysis
Risk Factors of Age-Related Macular Degeneration in a Population-Based Study: Results from SHIP-TREND-1 (Study of Health in Pomerania-TREND-1)
Lisa Lüdtke
1BCDEF*, Till Ittermann2CDE, Rico Großjohann1CD, Clemens Jürgens2DE, Henry Völzke2ABEG, Frank Tost1ADE, Andreas Stahl1DE
DOI: 10.12659/MSM.943140
Med Sci Monit 2024; 30:e943140
Table 2 Association of potential risk factors with AMD.
| TotalOR (95%-CI) | MalesOR (95%-CI) | FemalesOR (95%-CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age; years# | 1.04 (1.03; 1.06)* | 1.05 (1.03; 1.07)* | 1.03 (1.01;1.05)* |
| Educational years# | 0.92 (0.85; 1.00) | 0.80 (0.71; 0.92)* | 1.02 (0.89; 1.16) |
| Smoking status | |||
| Former vs never | 1.00 (0.65; 1.52) | 2.52 (1.25; 5.07)* | 0.51 (0.27; 0.95)* |
| Current vs never | 0.85 (0.48; 1.51) | 3.09 (1.32; 7.21)* | 0.32 (0.13; 0.78)* |
| Physical activity | 1.02 (0.67; 1.55) | 0.67 (0.38; 1.20) | 1.55 (0.83; 2.88) |
| Body mass index; kg/m | 1.00 (0.96; 1.05) | 1.07 (1.01; 1.14)* | 0.95 (0.90; 1.01) |
| Body height; cm | 1.00 (0.98; 1.02) | 0.98 (0.95; 1.02) | 1.02 (0.97; 1.07) |
| Waist circumference; cm | 1.00 (0.99; 1.02) | 1.02 (0.99; 1.05) | 0.99 (0.97; 1.01) |
| Hip circumference; cm | 1.00 (0.98; 1.02) | 1.03 (0.99; 1.06) | 0.99 (0.97; 1.01) |
| Waist-to-hip-ratio | 0.86 (0.79; 9.35) | 1.36 (0.01; 426.7) | 0.14 (0.01; 16.2) |
| Waist-to-height-ratio | 1.29 (0.64; 25.5) | 51.1 (0.51; 5138) | 0.12 (0.01; 3.85) |
| Waist-to-weight-ratio | 1.42 (0.17; 7.51) | 0.21 (0.01; 7.62) | 3.21 (0.34; 30.3) |
| HbA1c; % | 1.24 (0.90; 1.71) | 1.35 (0.90; 2.01) | 1.03 (0.61; 1.73) |
| Type 2 diabetes | 1.41 (0.75; 2.63) | 0.94 (0.37; 2.38) | 1.97 (0.86; 4.50) |
| Total cholesterol; mmol/L | 0.99 (0.83; 1.17) | 1.05 (0.82; 1.35) | 0.98 (0.78; 1.22) |
| LDL-cholesterol; mmol/L | 0.84 (0.68; 1.03) | 0.96 (0.71; 1.28) | 0.78 (0.59; 1.03) |
| HDL-cholesterol; mmol/L# | 1.33 (0.83; 2.15) | 0.57 (0.24; 1.35) | 2.52 (1.36; 4.70)* |
| Triglycerides; mmol/L | 1.12 (0.96; 1.29) | 1.17 (0.95; 1.44) | 0.80 (0.56; 1.15) |
| Hypertension | 1.21 (0.79; 1.84) | 1.55 (0.80; 3.00) | 0.95 (0.55; 1.61) |
| High-sensitive C-reactive protein; mg/L | 0.96 (0.89; 1.03) | 0.93 (0.85; 1.02) | 0.98 (0.88; 1.08) |
| Ferritin; μg/L | 1.00 (0.99; 1.00) | 1.00 (0.99; 1.00) | 1.00 (0.99; 1.00) |
| Thyroid-stimulating hormone; mIU/L | 0.97 (0.81; 1.15) | 1.04 (0.78; 1.40) | 0.92 (0.72; 1.17) |
| Free triiodothyronine; pmol/L# | 1.14 (0.95; 1.39) | 1.08 (0.92; 1.27) | 1.53 (1.02; 2.28)* |
| Free thyroxin; pmol/L | 1.00 (0.94; 1.07) | 0.92 (0.79; 1.07) | 1.06 (0.98; 1.15) |
| Data are reported as odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) derived from logistic regression models with AMD as outcome and the respective potential risk factor as exposure adjusted for age and weighted for drop-out of participants because of non-readable fundus images. * p # for these markers we observed non-linear associations, which are illustrated in . In this Table the linear associations (without transformation of the exposure variable) are reported, which may differ in terms of significance to those in . | |||