21 April 2024 : Meta-Analysis
Economic Evaluation of COVID-19 Screening Tests and Surveillance Strategies in Low-Income, Middle-Income, and High-Income Countries: A Systematic Review
Abdul Khairul Rizki Purba
123ABCDEF*, Alfian Nur Rosyid4ABCEF, Samsriyaningsih Handayani5ABCDF, Brian Eka Rachman 6BC, Achmad Chusnu Romdhoni7CD, Makhyan Jibril Al Farabi8CD, Joni Wahyuhadi9CD, Rosita Prananingtias10BEF, Ainun Nitsa Rahayu11BEF, Firas Farisi Alkaff 1213CD, Yufi Aulia Azmi 1415CD, Sabarinah Prasetyo16EG, Mardiati Nadjib17DE, Lina Patricia Gutjahr18EF, Raudia Faridah Humaidy5CD
DOI: 10.12659/MSM.943863
Med Sci Monit 2024; 30:e943863
Table 3 Model input for cost analysis of COVID-19 testing in high-income countries (HIC), upper-middle-income countries (UMIC), lower-middle-income countries (LMIC), and low-income countries (LIC) for the post-pandemic era.
| Variable | Value | References |
|---|---|---|
| Population target in COVID-19 screening,% | WHO []29 | |
| • HIC | 53.8 | |
| • UMIC | 33.5 | |
| • LMIC | 12.4 | |
| • LIC | 0.30 | |
| Severe COVID-19 and mortality, % | WHO []29 | |
| • HIC | 0.003 | |
| • UMIC | 0.002 | |
| • LMIC | 0.010 | |
| • LIC | 0.192 | |
| Specificity | ||
| Molecular test | 94.75 (90–99.5%) | Lyng GD et al, 2021 []24 |
| Antigen test | 88 (80–96%) | Larremore et al, 2021 []23 |
| Sensitivity | ||
| Molecular test | 79% (60–98%) | Lyng GD et al, 2021 []24 |
| Antigen test | 72% (58–86%) | Larremore et al, 2021 []23 |
| Diagnostic test, mean (min–max) | ||
| Molecular test | US $46.64 (US $0.25–$105.39) | Larremore et al, 2021 []23 |
| Antigen test | US $6.15 (US $2–$10) | Larremore et al, 2021 []23 |
| Personal protective equipment | US $2.77 | Benon et al, 2022 []30 |
| Human resources | US $33.60 (US $4.5–$38.48) | Benon et al, 2022 []30 |
| Hospitalization cost | US $5,286.89 (US $1,609.83–$7,098.32) | Drakesmith et al, 2022 []27 |
| ICU admission cost | US $9,677.47 (US $2,680–$137,282.30) | Drakesmith et al, 2022 [];Neilan et al, 2020 []27 |
| Outpatient healthcare cost | US $46,687 (US $2,481–$405,515) | Ruiz et al, 2021 [];32 |
| Productivity loss | US $200 (US $43.80–$320) | Maya and kahn, 2023 [];Maya et al, 2022 [];Vilches et al, 2022 []33 |
| Death averted cost | US $1,781,950.31 (US $596,768.59–$4,304,412) | Drakesmith et al, 2022 [];Vilches et al, 2022 []27 |
| Isolation of positive cases | US $674.34 (US $205.33–$ 905.40) | Vilches et al, 2022 []35 |
| HIC – high-income countries; UMIC – upper-middle-income countries; LMIC – lower-middle-income countries; LIC – low-income countries. | ||