23 May 2024 : Review article
Biomarkers for Early Prediction and Management of Preeclampsia: A Comprehensive Review
Julia Tomkiewicz
1ABCDEF*, Dorota A. Darmochwał-Kolarz 2ABCDEFG
DOI: 10.12659/MSM.944104
Med Sci Monit 2024; 30:e944104
Table 1 Summary of preeclampsia risk factors [20–25].
| Group of factors | Factor |
|---|---|
| Maternal age 40 years or older | |
| Preeclampsia (PE) in the family (mother or sister) | |
| Early occurrence of cardiovascular diseases in the family | |
| PE in previous pregnancies | |
| Antiphospholipid syndrome | |
| Hypertension before pregnancy | |
| Kidney disease before pregnancy or proteinuria at the first visit | |
| Diabetes before pregnancy | |
| Low maternal birth weight or premature birth | |
| Congenital thrombophilias | |
| Elevated triglyceride values | |
| Using cocaine and methamphetamines | |
| History of pregnancy loss before 10 weeks | |
| Multiple pregnancy | |
| New partner | |
| Use of assisted reproductive techniques | |
| Long interval between pregnancies (more than 10 years) | |
| Systolic blood pressure of 130 mmHg or higher and diastolic blood pressure of 80 mmHg or higher at the first visit | |
| Bleeding from the genital tract in early pregnancy | |
| Pregnancy trophoblastic disease | |
| Abnormal biomarker values | |
| Increased blood pressure | |
| Abnormal values of alpha fetoprotein, chorionic gonadotropin, inhibin-A, estrogens | |
| Excessive weight gain during pregnancy | |
| Infections complicating pregnancy | |
| Intrauterine fetal growth restriction | |
| Abnormal Doppler result of uterine arteries | |
| Abnormal biomarker values |