28 May 2024 : Clinical Research
Optimal Duration of Cold and Heat Compression for Forearm Muscle Biomechanics in Mixed Martial Arts Athletes: A Comparative Study
Robert Trybulski
12ABCDEF, Arkadiusz Stanula 3BCDE, Andriy Vovkanych 4BCDE, Tomasz Halski 5CEF, Małgorzata Paprocka-Borowicz 6EFG, Robert Dymarek 6DEF*, Jakub Taradaj 7CDEFG
DOI: 10.12659/MSM.944149
Med Sci Monit 2024; 30:e944149
Table 1 Characteristics of the measured parameters for individual groups.
| Variable | Group | Rest | Post | Δ (Post-Rest) | Effect size | Measures effect | ANOVA (group×measures) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ±SD | ±95% CI | Mean ±SD | ±95% CI | Mean ±SD | ±95% CI | Cohen’s d [descr.] | p-value | F(2.117) | p-value | ||
| PU | eGR-10 | 7.33 ±1.94 | 6.7; 7.95 | 9.98 ±1.26 | 9.58; 10.38 | 2.66 ±1.48 | 1.97; 3.35 | 1.62 [Large] | <0.001 | 54.49 | <0.001 |
| eGR-20 | 7.43 ±1.46 | 6.97; 7.90 | 11.21 ±1.07 | 10.87; 11.55 | 3.78 ±1.83 | 3.08; 4.47 | 2.96 [Very large] | <0.001 | |||
| cGR | 7.53 ±1.64 | 7.00; 8.06 | 7.96 ±1.38 | 7.52; 8.40 | 0.43 ±0.9 | −0.26; 1.12 | 0.29 [Small] | n.s. | |||
| Fmax | eGR-10 | 51.72 ±7.13 | 49.44; 54 | 55.84 ±7.75 | 53.36; 58.32 | 4.13 ±2.93 | 2.79; 5.46 | 0.55 [Small] | <0.001 | 15.72 | <0.001 |
| eGR-20 | 50.89 ±5.99 | 48.98; 52.81 | 54.79 ±6.94 | 52.57; 57.01 | 3.90 ±3.69 | 2.57; 5.23 | 0.6 [Moderate] | <0.001 | |||
| cGR | 51.97 ±6.57 | 49.87; 54.07 | 52.93 ±6.24 | 50.94; 54.92 | 0.96 ±1.27 | −0.37; 2.3 | 0.15 [Trivial] | n.s. | |||
| T | eGR-10 | 16.30 ±1.12 | 15.94; 16.66 | 14.59 ±1.25 | 14.19; 14.98 | −1.72 ±1.14 | −2.14; −1.29 | 1.45 [Large] | <0.001 | 30.51 | <0.001 |
| eGR-20 | 17.33 ±1.59 | 16.82; 17.84 | 15.93 ±1.28 | 15.52; 16.33 | −1.41 ±0.98 | −1.83; −0.98 | 0.97 [Moderate] | <0.001 | |||
| cGR | 16.68 ±1.10 | 16.32; 17.03 | 16.46 ±1.00 | 16.14; 16.78 | −0.22 ±0.46 | −0.65; 0.21 | 0.21 [Small] | n.s. | |||
| S | eGR-10 | 269.1 ±29.5 | 259.6; 278.5 | 238.2 ±28.4 | 229.2; 247.3 | −30.85 ±28.46 | −39.25; −22.45 | 1.07 [Moderate] | <0.001 | 25.28 | <0.001 |
| eGR-20 | 286.7 ±41.0 | 273.6; 299.8 | 270.7 ±39.7 | 258.0; 283.4 | −16.00 ±8.10 | −24.4; −7.6 | 0.4 [Small] | <0.001 | |||
| cGR | 266.8 ±20.9 | 260.2; 273.5 | 264.2 ±20.2 | 257.7; 270.6 | −2.68 ±8.20 | −11.08; 5.73 | 0.13 [Trivial] | n.s. | |||
| E | eGR-10 | 0.93 ±0.05 | 0.91; 0.94 | 0.88 ±0.07 | 0.86; 0.90 | −0.05 ±0.08 | −0.08; −0.01 | 0.7 [Moderate] | 0.001 | 5.09 | 0.008 |
| eGR-20 | 0.96 ±0.09 | 0.93; 0.99 | 0.91 ±0.1 | 0.87; 0.94 | −0.05 ±0.07 | −0.08; − 0.02 | 0.55 [Small] | <0.001 | |||
| cGR | 0.92 ±0.06 | 0.9; 0.94 | 0.91 ±0.06 | 0.89; 0.93 | −0.01 ±0.06 | −0.04; 0.03 | 0.1 [Trivial] | n.s. | |||
| PPT | eGR-10 | 95.2 ±11.8 | 91.5; 99.0 | 103.2 ±15.8 | 97.7; 108.1 | 7.79 ±13.57 | 3.65; 11.92 | 0.56 [Small] | <0.001 | 10.57 | <0.001 |
| eGR-20 | 99.4 ±12.70 | 95.3; 103.5 | 107.7 ±12.2 | 103.8; 111.6 | 8.28 ±6.21 | 4.15; 12.42 | 0.66 [Moderate] | <0.001 | |||
| cGR | 93.4 ±8.2 | 90.8; 96.1 | 93.7 ±8.5 | 91.0; 96.4 | 0.27 ±2.46 | −3.86; 4.41 | 0.03 [Trivial] | n.s. | |||
| PU – perfusion unit (non-reference units); Fmax – maximum isometric force (kgf); T – muscle tone (Na Hz); S – stiffness (N/m); E – elasticity (NaN); PPT – pressure pain threshold (N/cm). | |||||||||||