03 June 2024 : Clinical Research
Undiagnosed and Untreated Peripheral Complications of Diabetes: Findings from a Pilot Study on Diabetes-Related Foot Diseases (DFD) in Patients with Glycemic Disorders
Justyna Cwajda-Białasik
1ABCDEFG*, Paulina Mościcka 1BF, Maria T. Szewczyk 1DF
DOI: 10.12659/MSM.944239
Med Sci Monit 2024; 30:e944239
Table 2 Characteristics of the study group.
| Variable | X (SD) | Me | Min–Max | SK | K | S-W test | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 58.59 (11.88) | 56.00 | 40.00–88.00 | 0.48 | −0.58 | 0.95 | <0.001 |
| Gender* | Male, n=31(36.5%); Female, n=54 (63,5%) | ||||||
| Comorbidities (diagnosed)* | Yes, n=63 (74.1%); No, n=22 (25.9%) | ||||||
| Hypertension | Yes, n=49 (57.6%); No, n=36 (42.4%) | ||||||
| Heart attack in the past | Yes, n=14 (16.5%); No, n=71 (83.5%) | ||||||
| Stroke in the past | Yes, n=7 (8.2%); No, n=78 (91.8%) | ||||||
| Peripheral arterial disease | Yes, n=4 (4.7%); No, n=81 (95.3%) | ||||||
| Retinopathy | Yes, n=6 (7.1%); No, n=79 (92.9%) | ||||||
| Nephropathy | Yes, n=8 (9.4%); No, n=77 (90.6%) | ||||||
| Type 2 diabetes vs prediabetes | T2D, n=26 (30.6%); pre-D, n=59 (69.4%) | ||||||
| Diabetes duration, months | 40.20 (42.2) | 20.00 | 1.00–120.00 | 7.16 | 57.24 | 0.26 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes duration, years | 3.35 (3.52) | 2.00 | 0.08–10.00 | 7.16 | 57.24 | 0.26 | <0.001 |
| Smoking duration, years | 16.19 (15.35) | 15.00 | 0.00–55.00 | 0.56 | −0.69 | 0.89 | <0.001 |
| Smoker/past smoker/passive smoker/non-smoker* | n=25 (29,4%)/n=26 (30,6%)/n=8 (9,4%)/n=26 (30,6%) | ||||||
| BMI, kg/m | 26.95 (4.29) | 26.77 | 19.04–39.95 | 0.38 | −0.14 | 0.97 | <0.001 |
| Below normal/normal/above normal* | n=0(0.0%)/n=27 (31.8%)/n=58 (68.2%) | ||||||
| Glucose level, mg/dl | 99.94 (25.65) | 97.00 | 45.00–197.00 | 1.07 | 2.88 | 0.92 | <0.001 |
| Below normal/normal/above normal* | n=5 (5.8%)/n=44 (51.8%)/n=36 (42.4%) | ||||||
| SBP, right arm | 140.88 (22.19) | 140.00 | 100.00–190.00 | 0.11 | −0.78 | 0.98 | 0.004 |
| SBP, left arm | 136.05 (21.80) | 135.00 | 100.00–185.00 | 0.33 | −0.59 | 0.97 | 0.025 |
| DBP, right arm | 87.57 (11.03) | 90.00 | 60.00–110.00 | −0.29 | −0.47 | 0.97 | <0.001 |
| DBP, left arm | 86.55 (10.80) | 90.00 | 60.00–110.00 | −0.28 | −0.45 | 0.97 | <0.001 |
| SBP, right DPA | 127.84 (35.71) | 130.00 | 0.00–200.00 | −1.28 | 2.17 | 0.90 | <0.001 |
| SBP, left DPA | 128.49 (39.42) | 130.00 | 0.00–200.00 | −1.27 | 2.01 | 0.91 | <0.001 |
| SBP, right PTA | 131.10 (32.21) | 135.00 | 30.00–195.00 | −0.78 | 1.03 | 0.95 | 0.004 |
| SBP, left PTA | 130.06 (32.72) | 140.00 | 20.00–205.00 | −0.85 | 1.17 | 0.95 | <0.001 |
| SBP on the right toe | 132.26 (46.72) | 133.00 | 30.00–227.00 | −0.51 | 1.07 | 0.96 | 0.006 |
| SBP on the left toe | 134.40 (46.67) | 130.00 | 35.00–253.00 | 0.11 | 0.75 | 0.96 | 0.005 |
| ICQ sum | 8.45 (15.84) | 0.00 | 0.00–55.25 | 1.87 | 2.05 | 0.59 | <0.001 |
| ICQ index | 10.56 (19.81) | 0.00 | 0.00–69.07 | 1.87 | 2.05 | 0.59 | <0.001 |
| T2D – type 2 diabetes; pre-D – prediabetes; DBP – diastolic blood pressure; DPA – dorsalis pedis artery; ICQ – intermittent claudication questionnaire; K – kurtosis; Me – median; Min–Max – minimum and maximum distribution value; PTA – posterior tibial artery; p – value of significance; SBP – systolic blood pressure; SD – standard deviation; SK – skewness; S-W – value of the Shapiro-Wilk test; X – mean. * Data presented as numbers and percentages. | |||||||