25 July 2024 : Clinical Research
Olfactory Dysfunction as a Marker for Cognitive Impairment in General Paresis of the Insane: A Clinical Study
Shuang Liang1ABCDEF, Ben Chen1ABCDEF, Meiling Liu1BCD, Qiang Wang
1B, Mingfeng Yang1B, Gaohong Lin1D, Danyan Xu1C, Yijie Zeng1B, Jingyi Lao1C, Jiafu Li1B, Qin Liu1B, Kexin Yao1B, Zhangying Wu1B, Min Zhang1B, Wenyue Shi2B, Linglong Qin2B, Xiaomei Zhong1AFG, Yuping Ning1345AEG*
DOI: 10.12659/MSM.944243
Med Sci Monit 2024; 30:e944243
Table 1 Demographics, clinical characteristics and olfactory function in the GPI and HC groups.
| GPI (n=40) | HCs (n=37) | t/z/χ2 value | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 55.5±10.3 | 59.8±15.4 | −1.447 | 0.153 |
| Men, n (%) | 36 (90.0%) | 28 (75.7%) | 2.81 | 0.094 |
| Education, years | 8.9±3.2 | 10.2±3.6 | −1.746 | 0.085 |
| MMSE | 18.0 (11.0, 22.0) | 27.0 (25.0, 29.0) | −6.014 | <0.001 |
| Total NPI | 26.0 (14.3, 45.0) | 0 (0, 1.5) | −7.124 | <0.001 |
| OT | 5.9±2.0 | 7.7±2.4 | −3.544 | 0.001 |
| OD | 6.7±1.7 | 10.2±2.2 | −8.04 | <0.001 |
| OI | 6.9±2.1 | 9.9±2.3 | −5.853 | <0.001 |
| TDI | 19.6±4.2 | 27.8±5.3 | −7.544 | <0.001 |
| Anosmia, n (%) | 10 (25.0%) | 0 | – | – |
| Hyposmia, n (%) | 19 (47.5%) | 9 (24%) | – | – |
| Normosmia, n (%) | 11 (27.5%) | 28 (75.6%) | – | – |
| MTA scores | 2.5±0.9 | – | – | – |
| Fazekas scores | 2.0±0.8 | – | – | – |
| Values for age, education, OT, OD, OI and TDI are expressed as mean±SD. GPI – general paresis of the insane; HCs – healthy controls; MMSE – Mini-Mental State Examination; NPI – neuropsychiatric inventory; OT – odor threshold; OD – odor discrimination; OI – odor identification; TDI – composite score as the sum of results for threshold, discrimination and identification; MTA – medial temporal lobe atrophy visual rating scale. | ||||