06 June 2024 : Review article
Use of Antimicrobial Silver Coatings on Fixed Orthodontic Appliances, Including Archwires, Brackets, and Microimplants: A Systematic Review
Magdalena Sycińska-Dziarnowska
1ABCDEF*, Liliana Szyszka-Sommerfeld 12DF, Magdalena Ziąbka 3E, Gianrico Spagnuolo 45E, Krzysztof Woźniak 1E
DOI: 10.12659/MSM.944255
Med Sci Monit 2024; 30:e944255
Table 1 Summary of studies investigating antimicrobial coatings on orthodontic wires, brackets and microimplants: Materials and methods.
| Author, year | Material | Antimicrobial method | Coating composition AgNPs size, % | Coating technique | Bacteria/fungi tested | Surface characterization |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anand, 2023 []33 | SS wires | inhibition zone | AgNPsSize: 20–60 nm | Electrochemical deposition | TEM, DLS, XDR | |
| Bącela, 2022 []19 | SS orthodontic wires coated with a thin TiO: Ag film and control group | CFU, biofilm formation | TiO2: Ag | Sol-gel dip-coating | ||
| Espinosa-Cristóbal, 2018 []10 | NiTi, CuNiTi, and SS and SS brackets | MIC, PCR | AgNPsSize: 8.1 nm and 20.1 nm | Chemical reduction process | AFM, SEM | |
| Farheen, 2022 []27 | NiTi orthodontic wires | CFU, biofilm formation | AgNPsSize: 30–80 nm | The synthesis of AgNPs using Hibiscus rosa-sinensis flower extract involves a bio-reduction process | TEM, DLS, zeta potential, FTIR, and UV-Vis | |
| Gil, 2020 []21 | NiTi orthodontic wires | CFU | AgNPsSize: 40 nm | Electrodeposition | Mechanical test, Niion release test | |
| Gonçalves, 2020 []20 | SS orthodontic wires of 2 brands and control group | CFU, biofilm formation | AgNPsSize: >20 nm | Hydrothermal synthesis AgNO3 solution used as silver precursors | DSC, SEM, XRD | |
| Lee, 2020 []28 | SS samples | Colonies counts | AgNPsSize: not mentioned | Layer-by-layer deposition matrices on SS with reduction of Ag+ to form AgNPs | SEM, XPS | |
| Mhaske, 2015 []12 | NiTi and SS archwires | CFU, bacterial adherence test | Pure silver 99.9% | Thermal vacuum evaporation | ||
| Nafarrate-Valdez, 2022 []18 | Orthodontic wires: SS, CuNiTi, NiTi and control | MIC and bacterial adherence test | AgNPsSize: 30 nm | Chemical reduction | AFM, DLS, SEM, TEM | |
| Ameli, 2022 []23 | 20 stainless steel brackets, 4 groups 5 brackets per group, coated with copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs), titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO-NPs), and hydroxyapatite silver nanoparticles(HA-AgNPs) | Colony counts | AgNPs Size: <100 nm | Dip coating | AFM, SEM | |
| Ghasemi, 2017 []22 | 55 stainless steel brackets 5 groups of 11 brackets each: silver-coated and titanium-coated and control group | Colony counts | AgNPs Size: 60 nm and 100 nm | Physical vapor deposition | AFM, SEM, friction test | |
| Jasso-Ruiz, 2019 []11 | Brackets (metallic and esthetic) 50 brackets: 5 groups; 10 group each with control group | Agar disk diffusion test – inhibition zones | AgNPs Size: <5 nm | In situ chemical reduction | SEM, TEM | |
| Jasso-Ruiz, 2020 []24 | 300 commercial orthodontic brackets were used (30 per group) and classified into 10 groups of brackets (5 groups with silver nanoparticles and 5 control groups) | level of bacterial colonization radioactive marker was used to codify the bacteria and measure the radiation | AgNPsSize: not mentioned | In situ chemical reduction | SEM | |
| Ryu, 2012 []25 | SS samples discs coated with 100 wt% Ag with Ag–1 wt% Pt, and Ag–3 wt% Pt, Discs coated with Ag–7 wt% Pt | CFU, biofilm formation | Ag, Ag-Pt coatings Thickness: from 1.03 to 2.34 μm | Physical vapor deposition | SEM EDS, Vickers hardness, Potentio-dynamic polarization, ICP-AES | |
| Zeidan, 2022 []13 | 48 stainless steel brackets, 4 groups each 12 brackets: Ag nanoparticles coated group, ZnO nanoparticles coated group and Ag/ZnO nanoparticles coated group, control group | CFU | AgNPsSize: <40 nm | Physical vapor deposition | AFM, XRD | |
| Fathy Abo-Elmahasen, 2023 []26 | Orthodontic mini-screws, 2 groups Ag/HA NPs and ZnO NPs no control group | Agar disk diffusion test – inhibition zones | Ag/HA NPsSize: 40–70 nm | Electrochemical deposition | SEM, EDS, XRD, scratching test | |
| Subramanian, 2022 []9 | Mini-implant (Ti-6Al-4V)AgNPswith biopolymer (Ti-BP-AgNP) and group with SeNP (Ti-BPSeNP) and control group | Agar disk diffusion test -inhibition zones | AgNPs with biopolymer (Ti-BP-AgNP)Size: 50–80 nm | dip-coating technique | Lactobacillus, S. aureus, S. mutans | SEM, XRD |
| Venugopal, 2017 []14 | microimplants (Ti6Al4V)AgNPs 2 groups: AgNPs (Ti-AgNPs) and AgNPs-coated biopolymer (Ti-BP-AgNPs) and control group | Agar disk diffusion test – inhibition zones | AgNPsSize: 10–30 nm | The process involved 3 stages: preparation of the hydroxyapatite/chitosan biopolymer; biopolymer layer formation over the Ti6Al4V microimplant surface; and deposition of the AgNPs on the titanium-biopolymer coating by photoreduction of Ag ions | SEM, XPS | |
| AgNPs – silver nanoparticles; CFU – Colony Forming Unit; MIC – Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations; AFM – Atomic Force Microscopy; DLS – Dynamic Light Scattering; EDS – Energy Dispersive X-Ray; ICP-AES – Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy; SEM – Scanning Electron Microscopy; TEM – Transmission Electron Microscopy; XPS– X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy; XRD – X-ray Diffraction; CuNiTi – archwires: copper-nickel-titanium; NiTi – nickel-titanium; SS –stainless steel. | ||||||