A Review of the Resurgence of Measles, a Vaccine-Preventable Disease, as Current Concerns Contrast with Past Hopes for Measles Elimination

13 March 2024 : Review article

Dinah V. Parums^1BCDEF

DOI: 10.12659/MSM.944436

Med Sci Monit 2024; 30:e944436

Background The History of Measles Virus Infection Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnoses Complications of Measles Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE) Presumptive (Presumed) Measles Virus Immunity Elimination of Measles The History of Measles Vaccination and the MMR Vaccine Protective Immune Responses from Infection and Vaccination Measles in the United States (US) Measles Vaccination, Elimination, and Resurgence in the US Measles in Europe Measles in the United Kingdom (UK) The COVID-19 Pandemic and Measles Resurgence Global Responses Conclusions References

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Table 2 US Recommendations: Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccination [23].

Population groups	Vaccination recommendations
Children between 12 to 15 months of age	First dose of the MMR vaccine
Children between 4 to 6 years of age	Second dose of the MMR vaccine (the second dose can be given earlier if given after at least 28 days after the first dose)
Children between 12 months and 6 years of age	The measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella (chickenpox) (MMRV) vaccine as a single dose
Students in higher educational institutions without presumptive evidence of measles virus immunity	Two doses of MMR vaccine, separated by at least 28 days
Adults without presumptive evidence of measles virus immunity	A single dose of MMR vaccine
Adults without presumptive evidence of measles virus immunity who are at increased risk of infection: students at higher education institutions; healthcare personnel; international travelers	Two doses of MMR vaccine, separated by at least 28 days
Non-pregnant women of childbearing age who do not have presumptive evidence of immunity	At least a single dose of MMR vaccine
Women who are breastfeeding and do not have presumptive evidence of immunity	At least a single dose of MMR vaccine while breastfeeding, as the vaccine is not passed to the baby in breast milk


Modified from: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 26 January 2021 [].

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