13 March 2024>: Review Articles
A Review of the Resurgence of Measles, a Vaccine-Preventable Disease, as Current Concerns Contrast with Past Hopes for Measles Elimination
Dinah V. Parums BCDEF*DOI: 10.12659/MSM.944436
Med Sci Monit 2024; 30:e944436
Background
The History of Measles Virus Infection
Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Differential Diagnoses
Complications of Measles
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE)
Presumptive (Presumed) Measles Virus Immunity
Elimination of Measles
The History of Measles Vaccination and the MMR Vaccine
Protective Immune Responses from Infection and Vaccination
Measles in the United States (US)
Measles Vaccination, Elimination, and Resurgence in the US
Measles in Europe
Measles in the United Kingdom (UK)
The COVID-19 Pandemic and Measles Resurgence
Global Responses
Conclusions
References
Table 2 US Recommendations: Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccination [23].
Population groups | Vaccination recommendations |
---|---|
Children between 12 to 15 months of age | First dose of the MMR vaccine |
Children between 4 to 6 years of age | Second dose of the MMR vaccine (the second dose can be given earlier if given after at least 28 days after the first dose) |
Children between 12 months and 6 years of age | The measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella (chickenpox) (MMRV) vaccine as a single dose |
Students in higher educational institutions without presumptive evidence of measles virus immunity | Two doses of MMR vaccine, separated by at least 28 days |
Adults without presumptive evidence of measles virus immunity | A single dose of MMR vaccine |
Adults without presumptive evidence of measles virus immunity who are at increased risk of infection: students at higher education institutions; healthcare personnel; international travelers | Two doses of MMR vaccine, separated by at least 28 days |
Non-pregnant women of childbearing age who do not have presumptive evidence of immunity | At least a single dose of MMR vaccine |
Women who are breastfeeding and do not have presumptive evidence of immunity | At least a single dose of MMR vaccine while breastfeeding, as the vaccine is not passed to the baby in breast milk |
Modified from: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 26 January 2021 []. |