23 June 2024 : Clinical Research
Comparative Evaluation of Digital Cephalometric Tracing Applications on Mobile Devices and Manual Tracing
Mosab Mohammed Hassan1ABDEF*, Wafa Hadi Alfaifi2BEG, Abdullah Mohammed Qaysi2BEG, Asma Ali Alfaifi3BDG, Zainab Murtadha AlGhafli4CEG, Khurshid Ahmed Mattoo
5CDEF, Shahad Mohammed Daghriri3CFG, Lamis Mohammed Hawthan3CDG, Reham Mousa Daghriri3BFG, Alkhansa Ahmed Moafa3BDG, Mohammed M. Al Moaleem 5CE
DOI: 10.12659/MSM.944628
Med Sci Monit 2024; 30:e944628
Table 1 Steiner cephalometric landmarks for linear and angular measurements.
| Landmark (abbreviation) | Description | |
|---|---|---|
| Cephalometric Landmarks | Nasion (N) | Point between the frontal bone and nasal bone |
| Sella turcica (S) | Midpoint of sella turcica | |
| Subspinale (A) | Deepest concavity of the premaxilla | |
| Supramentale (B) | Deepest concavity in the curvature of mandibular alveolar process | |
| Gonion (Go) | The corner angle of the mandible | |
| Pogonion (Pog) | Most anterior point of the symphysis | |
| Gnathion (Gn) | Between pogonion and menton | |
| Orbitale (O) | Lowest point on the lower edge of the orbit | |
| Porion (P) | Most superior and outer bony surface point of the external auditory meatus | |
| U6 | Buccal cusp tip of maxillary first molar | |
| U4 | Buccal cusp tip of maxillary first premolar | |
| Isa | Upper incisor root apex | |
| Isi | Upper incisor tip | |
| Iia | Lower incisor root apex | |
| Iii | Lower incisor incisal edge | |
| Midpoint (M) | S-shape curve joining upper lip and nose | |
| Soft tissue pogonion (Pog’) | Most anterior point of the soft tissue of chin | |
| Labrale superius (Ls) | Most anterior point of the upper lip | |
| Labrale inferius (Li) | Most anterior point of the lower lip | |
| Steiners Analysis | Skeletal | SNA, SNB, ANB, SNMP, SNOP (degrees) (°) |
| Dental | U1NA, L1NB, U1L1 (millimeter and degrees) | |
| Soft tissue | S-line | |
| Skeltal – SNA (Sella – nasion – subspinale), SNB (sella – nasion – supramentale), ANB (subspinale – nasion – supramentale), SN – MP (sella – nasion with midpoint – porion), SNOP (sella nasion – orbitale porion); Dental – U1NA (upper incisor – nasion – subspinale), L1NB (lower incisor – nasion – supramentale), U1L1 (upper incisor – lower incisor); Soft tissue – S line. | ||