21 January 2025 : Clinical Research
Butorphanol Tartrate Nasal Spray for Post-Cesarean Analgesia and Prolactin Secretion
Jingzheng Zeng1ABCDEF, Xiaoqin Sun1BDEF, Mingyan Luo2BDF, Yunju Rao1DF, Gu Gong1AG*DOI: 10.12659/MSM.945224
Med Sci Monit 2025; 31:e945224
Table 1 Patient characteristics and clinical data.
| Characteristics | Control (n=40) | BI (n=40) | BV (n=40) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 29.30±3.71 | 29.23±3.91 | 28.70±2.89 | 0.710# |
| Body mass index (kg/m) | 27.27±2.80 | 26.94±2.69 | 26.57±1.52 | 0.350## |
| Duration of surgery (min) | 99.33±9.62 | 97.68±6.88 | 99.05±4.44 | 0.482## |
| Number of cesarean sections (times) | 0.965** | |||
| 1 | 25 (62.5%) | 24 (60.0%) | 25 (62.5%) | |
| 2 | 15 (37.5%) | 16 (40.0%) | 15 (37.5%) | |
| Level of education | 0.881* | |||
| Below university degree | 9 (22.5%) | 8 (20.0%) | 8 (20.0%) | |
| Undergraduate college | 31 (77.5%) | 31 (77.5%) | 30 (75.0%) | |
| Bachelor’s degree or above | 0 (0%) | 1 (2.5%) | 2 (5.0%) | |
| Gestational age (weeks) | 0.765** | |||
| 38–39 | 5 (12.5%) | 9 (2.5%) | 6 (15.0%) | |
| 39–40 | 28 (70.0%) | 23 (57.5%) | 27 (67.5%) | |
| 40–41 | 7 (17.5%) | 8 (20.0%) | 7 (17.5%) | |
| ASA grade | 0.855** | |||
| I | 31 (77.5%) | 33 (82.5%) | 32 (80.0%) | |
| II | 9 (22.5%) | 7 (17.5%) | 8 (20.0%) | |
| Data are presented as mean±SD, or percentage (proportion). # One-way analysis of variance; ## Welch’s analysis of variance; ** Pearson’s chi-squared test; * Fisher’s exact test. ASA – American Society of Anesthesiologists. | ||||