25 October 2024 : Clinical Research
Type 2 Diabetes Subtypes and Their Role in Metabolic Liver Disease and Fibrosis Progression
Froylan David Martínez-Sánchez
12ABCDEF, David Medina-Julio 12BCEF, Jacqueline Córdova-Gallardo 13ADE, Maria Juliana Corredor Nassar 2BDE, Nahum Méndez-Sánchez 14ADE*
DOI: 10.12659/MSM.946016
Med Sci Monit 2024; 30:e946016
Table 1 Clinical and biochemical characteristics of the diabetes subgroups.
| Diabetes subgroups | p value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MOD (n=408) | MARD (n=357) | SIDD (n=347) | SIRD (n=93) | ||
| Female sex (%) | 70.1 | 63.9 | 65.4 | 82.8 | 0.003 |
| Age (years) | 50.7±12.6 | 68.5±9.9 | 58.6±13.2 | 68.5±11.1 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m) | 30.73±7.11 | 25.30±3.05 | 28.31±6.19 | 33.60±5.43 | <0.001 |
| BMI categories (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| <25 | 18.1 | 50.4 | 34.3 | 5.4 | |
| 25–29.9 | 35.8 | 43.7 | 30.8 | 7.5 | |
| >30 | 46.1 | 5.9 | 34.9 | 87.1 | |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 91 (83–104) | 84 (78–90) | 89 (81–101) | 92 (89–102) | <0.001 |
| Duration of type 2 diabetes (years) | 6 (2–15) | 6 (2–11) | 10 (5–17) | 6 (3.5–11) | <0.001 |
| Duration of type 2 diabetes (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| 0–4 years | 44.4 | 40.1 | 25.4 | 36.6 | |
| 5–9 years | 18.4 | 30.8 | 25.4 | 32.3 | |
| >10 years | 37.3 | 29.1 | 49.3 | 31.2 | |
| Hypertension (%) | 47.5 | 54.2 | 51.7 | 61.3 | 0.068 |
| Metformin (%) | 81.9 | 87.1 | 68.6 | 89.2 | <0.001 |
| Subcutaneous insulin (%) | 36.3 | 21.3 | 57.3 | 20.4 | <0.001 |
| SGLT-2i (%) | 11.3 | 9.5 | 11.5 | 10.8 | 0.828 |
| DPP-4i (%) | 15.7 | 9.2 | 15.6 | 8.6 | 0.015 |
| GLP-1 (%) | 2.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 0.058 |
| Pioglitazone (%) | 2.5 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 0.339 |
| Sulfonylureas (%) | 5.4 | 14.3 | 11.5 | 15.1 | <0.001 |
| Fibrates (%) | 19.3 | 18.8 | 22.4 | 17.7 | 0.623 |
| Statins (%) | 49.6 | 46.4 | 60.3 | 36.8 | <0.001 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 123±47 | 123±41 | 209±99 | 122±31 | <0.001 |
| Fasting glucose >126 mg/dL (%) | 33.3 | 37.5 | 81.0 | 36.6 | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 6.80±0.92 | 6.61±0.82 | 10.38±1.66 | 6.47±0.80 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c categories (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| HbA1c <7% | 56.4 | 66.4 | 0.0 | 70.2 | |
| HbA1c 7–7.9% | 31.4 | 27.5 | 0.3 | 27.4 | |
| HbA1c 8–8.9% | 11.5 | 5.6 | 22.2 | 2.4 | |
| HbA1c >9% | 0.7 | 0.6 | 77.5 | 0.0 | |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.84 (0.67–1.04) | 0.89 (0.73–1.03) | 0.88 (0.70–1.07) | 0.90 (0.76–1.12) | 0.066 |
| Microalbuminuria (mg/24 h) | 13.0 (3.1–60.2) | 4.4 (1.3–16.3) | 17.6 (4.3–123) | 7.1 (2.1–23) | <0.001 |
| Microalbuminuria stages (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| <30 mg/24 h | 65.1 | 81.8 | 59.2 | 76.9 | |
| 30–299 mg/24 h | 23.8 | 13.2 | 26.5 | 15.4 | |
| >300 mg/24 h | 11.1 | 4.9 | 14.3 | 7.7 | |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 175±50 | 170±45 | 184±56 | 173±46 | 0.005 |
| Total cholesterol categories (%) | 0.002 | ||||
| <150 mg/dL | 31.1 | 35.6 | 25.1 | 36.6 | |
| 151–200 mg/dL | 40.7 | 38.9 | 36.3 | 31.2 | |
| >200 mg/dL | 28.2 | 25.5 | 38.6 | 32.3 | |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 43±12 | 44±11 | 42±12 | 44±12 | 0.080 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 94±40 | 90±39 | 97±42 | 93±38 | 0.128 |
| LDL categories (%) | 0.421 | ||||
| <70 mg/dL | 30.9 | 34.7 | 25.6 | 29.0 | |
| 71–100 mg/dL | 27.0 | 26.1 | 30.8 | 28.0 | |
| 101–130 mg/dL | 24.3 | 22.4 | 22.8 | 26.9 | |
| >130 mg/dL | 17.9 | 16.8 | 20.7 | 16.1 | |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 166 (115–233) | 151 (111–203) | 188 (125–260) | 148 (111–198) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides >150 mg/dL (%) | 60.3 | 51.5 | 65.1 | 48.4 | <0.001 |
| AST (U/L) | 26 (20–38) | 27 (21–38) | 25 (18–39) | 28 (21–41) | 0.409 |
| ALT (U/L) | 26 (17–38) | 24 (17–35) | 25 (17–36) | 25 (16–32) | 0.741 |
| GGT (U/L) | 39 (21–78) | 35 (22–70) | 42 (23–89) | 31 (18–70) | 0.040 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.8 (3.3–4.1) | 3.9 (3.4–4.2) | 3.7 (3.1–4.1) | 3.9 (3.5–4.1) | 0.001 |
| Fatty liver index | 65.87±26.92 | 41.96±22.73 | 61.77±27.67 | 74.24±19.92 | <0.001 |
| Fatty liver index >60 (%) | 61.5 | 26.9 | 57.6 | 80.6 | <0.001 |
| FIB-4 stages (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| F0 | 60.0 | 29.7 | 47.3 | 30.1 | |
| F1–F2 | 26.7 | 51.0 | 31.1 | 40.9 | |
| F3–F4 | 13.2 | 19.3 | 21.6 | 29.0 | |
| MARD – mild age-related diabetes; MOD – mild obesity-related diabetes; SIDD – severe insulin-deficient diabetes; SIRD – severe insulin-resistant; BMI – body mass index; SGLT-2i – sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors; DPP-4i – dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors; GLP-1 – glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists; HDL-C – high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C – low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; AST – aspartate aminotransferase, ALT – alanine aminotransferase; GGT – gamma-glutamyl transferase; FIB-4 index – fibrosis-4 index. Variables are shown as mean±standard deviation or median (interquartile range) or percentages. value: ANOVA test, Kruskal-Wallis test, or chi-square test. | |||||