18 September 2024 : Review article
Long COVID or Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection (PASC) and the Urgent Need to Identify Diagnostic Biomarkers and Risk Factors
Dinah V. Parums1CDEF*DOI: 10.12659/MSM.946512
Med Sci Monit 2024; 30:e946512
Introduction
Post-Acute Viral Infection Syndromes – a Historical Perspective
Long COVID/PASC in Adults – the Researching COVID to Enhance Recovery (RECOVER) Consortium
Long COVID/PASC in Children and Adolescents – the RECOVER-Pediatric Consortium
Recent Studies to Develop a Long COVID/PASC Risk Index
Cardiovascular Disease and Long COVID/PASC
Biomarkers for Long COVID/PASC
Future Directions to Address Unmet Needs
Conclusions
References
Table 1 What’s in a name? Current terminology and definitions.
| Name | Definition | Attribution |
|---|---|---|
| Long COVID | Signs, symptoms, and conditions that continue or develop after initial SARS-CoV-2 infection and last more than 4 weeks | US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Department of Health and Human Services []1 |
| Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) | Ongoing, relapsing, or new symptoms or clinical conditions present at 30 or more days after SARS-CoV-2 infection | National Institutes of Health (NIH) Researching COVID to Enhance Recovery (RECOVER) Initiative []18 |
| Post-COVID-19 condition | Symptoms presenting 3 months from the onset of COVID-19 that last for at least 2 months and cannot be explained by other diagnoses | World Health Organization (WHO) []2 |
| Post-COVID syndrome | Symptoms that are unexplained by an alternative diagnosis and persist for more than 12 weeks after acute COVID-19 | UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) []34 |
| Ongoing symptomatic COVID-19 | Symptoms that are unexplained by an alternative diagnosis and persist for 4-12 weeks after acute COVID-19 | National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) UK []34 |