03 June 2025 : Database Analysis
Benefits of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors with Renin-Angiotensin System Blockers in Type-2 Diabetes: A Cohort Analysis
Ming-Hsien Tsai ADE 1, Mingchih Chen
CD 2, Yen-Chun Huang C 3, Wei-Shan Chang C 4, Kai-Yuan Hsiao C 4, Hung-Hsiang Liou A 5, Yu-Wei Fang AEF 6*
DOI: 10.12659/MSM.947153
Med Sci Monit 2025; 31:e947153
Table 2 Demographic and clinical characteristics in diabetes patients with renin-angiotensin system blockers.
| Variables | Before matching | After matching | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SGLT2i (n=3,705) | DPP4i users (n=13,500) | p value | SGLT2i (n=3,622) | DPP4i users (n =3,622) | p value | |
| Male, n (%) | 2,099 (56.7) | 7,417 (54.9) | 0.063 | 2,048 (56.5) | 2,008 (55.4) | 0.343 |
| Female, n (%) | 1,606 (43.4) | 6083 (45.1) | 1,574 (43.5) | 1,614 (44.6) | ||
| Age (yr), mean±SD | 59.2±12.1 | 60.0±11.2 | <0.001 | 59.2±12.0 | 59.2±11.9 | 0.913 |
| 20–35, n (%) | 107 (2.9) | 259 (1.9) | <0.001 | 105 (2.9) | 86 (2.4) | 0.704 |
| 36–45, n (%) | 398 (10.7) | 1218 (9.0) | 390 (10.8) | 400 (11.0) | ||
| 46–55, n (%) | 858 (23.2) | 2,999 (22.2) | 842 (23.3) | 857 (23.7) | ||
| 56–65, n (%) | 1,198 (32.3) | 4,817 (35.7) | 1,173 (32.4) | 1,174 (32.4) | ||
| ≥66, n (%) | 1,144 (30.9) | 4,207 (31.2) | 1,112 (30.7) | 1,105 (30.5) | ||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 3,401 (91.8) | 12,030 (89.1) | <0.001 | 3,325 (91.8) | 3,188 (88.2) | <0.001 |
| Ischemic heart disease, n (%) | 701 (18.9) | 1,418 (10.5) | <0.001 | 684 (18.9) | 409 (11.9) | <0.001 |
| Arrhythmia, n (%) | 265 (7.2) | 592 (4.4) | <0.001 | 257 (7.1) | 152 (4.2) | <0.001 |
| Arial fibrillation, n (%) | 99 (2.7) | 137 (1.0) | <0.001 | 95 (2.6) | 25 (0.7) | <0.001 |
| Stroke, n (%) | 635 (17.1) | 689 (5.1) | <0.001 | 606 (16.7) | 250 (6.9) | <0.001 |
| COPD, n (%) | 533 (14.4) | 1,215 (9.0) | <0.001 | 500 (13.8) | 473 (13.1) | 0.352 |
| Asthma, n (%) | 399 (10.8) | 992 (7.4) | <0.001 | 377 (10.4) | 334 (9.2) | 0.089 |
| Peptic ulcer, n (%) | 720 (19.4) | 2,104 (15.6) | <0.001 | 682 (18.8) | 805 (22.2) | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 2,625 (70.9) | 9,625 (71.3) | 0.595 | 2,575 (71.1) | 2,615 (72.2) | 0.297 |
| Gout, n (%) | 478 (12.9) | 1,676 (12.4) | 0.427 | 468 (12.9) | 493 (13.6) | 0.386 |
| Liver cirrhosis, n (%) | 63 (1.7) | 140 (1.0) | <0.001 | 59 (1.6) | 64 (1.8) | 0.649 |
| CCIS, mean±SD | 3.1±2.0 | 2.1±1.5 | <0.001 | 2.9±1.8 | 2.9±1.8 | 0.994 |
| β blockers, n (%) | 1,476 (39.8) | 4,581 (33.9) | <0.001 | 1,440 (39.8) | 1,267 (35.0) | <0.001 |
| CCB, n (%) | 2,533 (68.4) | 8,611 (63.8) | <0.001 | 2,471 (68.2) | 2,345 (64.7) | 0.001 |
| Alpha-blockers, n (%) | 558 (15.1) | 1,482 (11.0) | <0.001 | 538 (14.9) | 425 (11.7) | <0.001 |
| Diuretic, n (%) | 1,503 (40.6) | 4,857 (36.0) | <0.001 | 1,466 (40.5) | 1,315 (36.3) | <0.001 |
| Antithrombotic, n (%) | 1,529 (41.3) | 4,421 (32.8) | <0.001 | 1,492 (41.2) | 1,281 (35.4) | <0.001 |
| Insulin, n (%) | 949 (25.6) | 1,383 (10.2) | <0.001 | 922 (25.5) | 451 (12.5) | <0.001 |
| Sulfonylureas, n (%) | 2,269 (61.2) | 9,709 (71.9) | <0.001 | 2,211 (61.0) | 2,607 (72.0) | 0.011 |
| TZD, n (%) | 854 (23.1) | 2,417 (17.9) | <0.001 | 840 (23.2) | 609 (16.8) | <0.001 |
| Acarbose, n (%) | 574 (15.5) | 2,053 (15.2) | 0.669 | 560 (15.5) | 560 (15.5) | 1 |
| Lipid-lowering agents, n (%) | 2,551 (68.9) | 9,555 (70.8) | 0.023 | 2,503 (69.1) | 2,628 (72.6) | 0.001 |
| Urate-lowering agents, n (%) | 339 (9.2) | 1,215 (9.0) | 0.778 | 331 (9.1) | 362 (10.0) | 0.215 |
| NSAID, n (%) | 3,188 (86.0) | 11,067 (82.0) | <0.001 | 3,106 (85.8) | 3,028 (83.6) | 0.011 |
| Sedative-hypnotics, n (%) | 1,626 (43.9) | 5,144 (38.1) | <0.001 | 1,574 (43.5) | 1,450 (40.0) | 0.003 |
| SGLT2i – sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors; DPP4i – dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor; SD – standard deviation; COPD – chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CCIS – Charlson comorbidity index score; CCB – calcium channel blockers; OHA – oral hypoglycemic agent; TZD – thiazolidinedione; NSAID – non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. | ||||||