31 January 2025 : Clinical Research
Leukoglycemic Index and Its Prognostic Implications in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Patients with Acute Pulmonary Embolism
Nuray Aslan
ABCDEF 1*, Fatih Güneysu ADEF 2, Yusuf Yürümez ADF 2, Necip Gökhan Güner BCD 2, Sacit Akdeniz BF 1, Muharrem Kaner BF 2
DOI: 10.12659/MSM.947156
Med Sci Monit 2025; 31:e947156
Table 2 Characteristics of patients according to leuko-glycemic index (LGI) subgroups.
| No-diabetic patients (n=122) | Diabetic patients (n=77) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High LGI group (n=63) | Low LGI group (n=59) | p | High LGI group (n=37) | Low LGI group (n=40) | p | ||
| Women (%) | 34 (54.0) | 40 (67.8) | 0.118 | 20 (54.1) | 27 (67.5) | 0.227 | |
| Age (year) mean ±SD | 79 (68, 84) | 78 (59, 86) | 0.798 | 74 (68, 83) | 74 (66, 81) | 0.441 | |
| Hypertension | 29 (54.0) | 28 (47.5) | 0.875 | 31 (83.8) | 31 (77.5) | 0.487 | |
| COPD | 8 (12.7) | 10 (16.9) | 0.508 | 7 (19.8) | 2 (5.0) | 0.058 | |
| Coronary artery disease | 6 (10.2) | 10 (27.0) | 16 (40.0) | 0.229 | |||
| Congestive heart failure | 10 (15.9) | 11 (18.6) | 0.685 | 9 (24.3) | 11 (27.5) | 0.751 | |
| Symptoms (%) | |||||||
| Dyspnea | 53 (84.1) | 50 (84.7) | 0.925 | 29 (78.4) | 35 (87.5) | 0.286 | |
| Hemoptysis | 1 (1.6) | 0 (0) | 0.331 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | – | |
| Palpitation | 5 (7.9) | 3 (5.1) | 0.525 | 2 (5.4) | 4 (10.0) | 0.452 | |
| Chest pain | 9 (14.3) | 9 (15.3) | 0.880 | 6 (16.2) | 8 (20.0) | 0.667 | |
| Syncope | 6 (9.5) | 3 (5.1) | 0.349 | 4 (10.8) | 4 (10.0) | 0.907 | |
| Cough | 17 (27.0) | 21 (35.6) | 0.305 | 11 (29.7) | 7 (17.5) | 0.205 | |
| Unilateral edema | 13 (20.6) | 14 (23.7) | 0.681 | 7 (18.9) | 6 (15.0) | 0.646 | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 110 (100, 125) | 120 (110, 130) | 0.053 | 110 (100, 125) | 120 (101, 120) | 0.275 | |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 75 (70.80) | 70 (65, 80) | 0.682 | 70 (60, 80) | 75 (62, 81) | 0.295 | |
| Pulse (beats/min) | 84 (75, 97) | 82 (75, 90) | 0.495 | 82 (72, 90) | 85 (76, 91) | 0.236 | |
| Saturation (%) | 91 (89, 95) | 92 (90, 95) | 0.280 | 92 (86, 94) | 90 (84, 96) | 0.620 | |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | Normal: 70–100 mg/dL | 116 (100, 140) | 264 (179, 377) | 126 (109, 160) | |||
| Urea (mg/dL) | Normal: 17–43 mg/dL | 52 (38.50, 93.50) | 60 (46.50, 85.50) | 73 (33.50, 92.25) | 0.310 | ||
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | Normal: 0,67–1,17 mg/dL | 0.83 (0.66, 1.32) | 0.97 (0.81, 1.17) | 1.04 (0.95, 1.36) | 0.850 | ||
| GFR (ml/min) | Normal: 70–145 ml/min | 77.66 (50.49, 85.52) | 58.85 (48.71,81.35) | 55.07 (42.52, 79.61) | 0.823 | ||
| Sodium (mmol/L) | Normal: 136–146 mmol/L | 139 (137, 145) | 140 (137, 139) | 0.713 | 137 (133, 140) | 138 (137, 140) | 0.144 |
| Potassium (mmol/L) | Normal: 3.5–5.1 mmol/L | 4.35 (4.00, 4.70) | 4.30 (3.85, 4.50) | 0.075 | 4.13 (4.50,4.85) | 4.45 (4.13, 4.80) | 0.324 |
| AST (U/L) | Normal: 0–50 U/L | 20 (11, 56) | 19 (13, 40) | 0.440 | 16 (12, 28) | 18 (11, 29) | 0.767 |
| ALT (U/L) | Normal: 0–50 U/L | 26 (16.00, 70.00) | 22 (17.00, 48.00) | 0.418 | 23 (17.25, 41.00) | 22 (16.00, 39.75) | 0.646 |
| CRP (mg/dL) | Normal: 0.00–5.00 mg/dL | 77 (29.89, 153.23) | 96 (13.95, 148.16) | 0.114 | 30 (11.07, 52.35) | ||
| D-Dimer (ugFEU/L) | Normal: 0–500 ugFEU/L | 5235 (2780, 8935) | 3800 (3005, 8335) | 0.083 | 6110 (2537, 16145) | 3325 (2075, 6622) | 0.075 |
| Troponin (μg/L) | Normal: 0.00–0.16 μg/L | 21 (5.75, 106.00) | 147 (26.75, 330.28) | 29 (16.05, 104.51) | 0.119 | ||
| Ferritin (μg/L) | Normal: 13–150 μg/L | 148 (51.78, 294.79) | 162 (57.94, 601.76) | 0.774 | 161 (64.20, 238.88) | ||
| Blood pH | Normal: 7.35–7.45 | 7.39 (7.32, 7.43) | 7.39 (7.34, 7.44) | 0.115 | 7.39 (7.32, 7.42) | 7.38 (7.35, 7.43) | 0.058 |
| Lactate (mmol/L) | Normal: 0.5–1.6 mmol/L | 1.90 (1.32, 2.72) | 2.80 (2.10, 4.40) | 1.90 (1.39, 2.48) | 0.027 | ||
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | Normal: 11–16 g/dL | 11.80 (11.00, 13.05) | 11.80 (11.02, 13.89) | 12.20 (10.88, 13.78) | 0.454 | ||
| Leukocyte (K/uL) | Normal: 0.8–4 K/uL | 8.63 (6.50, 10.35) | 8.77 (7.52, 10.93) | ||||
| Neutrophil (K/uL) | Normal: 2.0–7.0 K/uL | 6.11 (4.54, 8.08) | 6.31 (5.94, 7.75) | ||||
| Lymphocyte (K/uL) | Normal: 0.8–4 K/uL | 1.52 (1.03, 1.99) | 1.17 (0.69, 2.10) | 0.806 | 1.21 (0.78, 2.95) | 1.33 (0.97, 2.23) | 0.907 |
| Platelet (K/uL) | Normal: 100–400 K/uL | 180.0 (142.5, 224.0) | 212.5 (171.5, 243.0) | 0.015 | |||
| MCV (K/uL) | Normal: 80–100 fl | 89.65 (81.80, 95.15) | 91.50 (88.99, 95.65) | 0.667 | 89.45 (86.86, 93.53) | 92.15 (87.60, 95.60) | 0.495 |
| MPV (K/uL) | Normal: 6.5–12 fl | 8.69 (7.42, 10.25) | 8.83 (7.17, 9.75) | 0.102 | 8.99 (7.50, 9.79) | 9.15 (8.61, 10.80) | 0.636 |
| LDH (U/L) | Normal: 0–247U/L | 288.0 (246.7, 441.2) | 262.0 (216.5, 335.5) | 0.256 | 299.5 (230.0, 348.0) | 302.5 (252.5, 384.5) | 0.596 |
| Inotrope given | 8 (12.7) | 4 (6.8) | 0.273 | 4 (10.0) | 8 (21.6) | 0.160 | |
| Intubated | 5 (7.9) | 3 (5.1) | 0.525 | 3 (7.5) | 6 (16.2) | 0.234 | |
| NIMV support recipient | 2 (3.2) | 2 (3.4) | 0.947 | 1 (2.5) | 3 (8.1) | 0.268 | |
| Arrest | 3 (4.8) | 1 (1.7) | 0.342 | 1 (2.5) | 3 (8.1) | 0.268 | |
| Simple PESI ≥1 | 34 (57.6) | 23 (57.5) | 26 (70.3) | 0.244 | |||
| Outpatient treatment | 5 (7.9) | 5 (8.5) | 0.120 | 5 (12.5) | 0 (0) | 0.229 | |
| Service hospitalization | 7 (11.1) | 10 (16.9) | 6 (15.0) | 6 (16.2) | |||
| In-hospital ICU admission | 9 (14.3) | 17 (28.8) | 6 (15.0) | 6 (16.2) | |||
| Out-of-hospital ICU referral | 38 (60.3) | 27 (45.8) | 21 (52.5) | 21 (56.8) | |||
| Exitus | 3 (4.8) | 0 (0) | 2 (5.0) | 2 (5.4) | |||
| Treatment refusal | 1 (1.6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (5.4) | |||
| Day 0 mortality | 4 (6.3) | 2 (3.4) | 0.450 | 4 (10.0) | 4 (10.8) | 0.907 | |
| 0–7 days mortality | 4 (6.3) | 6 (10.2) | 0.442 | 3 (7.5) | 6 (16.2) | 0.234 | |
| 7–30 days mortality | 8 (12.7) | 7 (11.9) | 0.889 | 6 (15.0) | 7 (18.9) | 0.646 | |
| Total mortality | 16 (25.4) | 15 (25.4) | 0.997 | 23 (46.9) | 7 (25.9) | 0.073 | |
| SD – standard deviation; COPD – chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IQR – ınter quantile range; GFR – glomerular filtration rate; AST – aspartate aminotransferase; ALT – alanine aminotransferase; CRP – C reactive protein; MCV – mean corpuscular volume; MPV – mean platelet volume; LDH – lactate dehydrogenase; NIMV – non-invasive mechanical ventilation; PESI – pulmonary embolism severity ındex; ICU – Intensive Care Unit. | |||||||